Topologically associating domainA topologically associating domain (TAD) is a self-interacting genomic region, meaning that DNA sequences within a TAD physically interact with each other more frequently than with sequences outside the TAD. The median size of a TAD in mouse cells is 880 kb, and they have similar sizes in non-mammalian species. Boundaries at both side of these domains are conserved between different mammalian cell types and even across species and are highly enriched with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin.
Gene expression profilingIn the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell. Several transcriptomics technologies can be used to generate the necessary data to analyse.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
ÉpigénétiqueL'épigénétique (mot-valise de épigenèse et génétique) est la discipline de la biologie qui étudie la nature des mécanismes modifiant de manière réversible, transmissible (lors des divisions cellulaires) et adaptative l'expression des gènes sans en changer la séquence nucléotidique (ADN). Alors que la génétique correspond à l’étude des gènes, l’épigénétique s’intéresse à une « couche » d’informations complémentaires qui définit comment ces gènes sont susceptibles d'être utilisés par une cellule.
Third-generation sequencingThird-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development. Third generation sequencing technologies have the capability to produce substantially longer reads than second generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing. Such an advantage has critical implications for both genome science and the study of biology in general. However, third generation sequencing data have much higher error rates than previous technologies, which can complicate downstream genome assembly and analysis of the resulting data.
Type naturelvignette|Coupe transversale d'une banane de type sauvage. Contrairement aux bananes culinaires, les bananes sauvages possèdent de nombreuses graines, dures et de grosse taille. Le type naturel, ou type sauvage, (de l'anglais wild type) est, en biologie, la forme naturelle, ou de référence, d'un organisme, d'un génome, d'un gène ou encore d'une protéine. À l'origine, le concept de type sauvage se référait à l'allèle standard "normal" d'un locus, par opposition à l'allèle produit par un allèle non standard qu'on appelle "mutant".
Dystrophie myotonique de SteinertLa dystrophie myotonique de Steinert ou maladie de Curschmann-Steinert ou encore dystrophie myotonique de type I (DM1), est une maladie génétique autosomique dominante, à pénétrance incomplète et marquée par l'anticipation, qui affecte plusieurs organes : le squelette, les muscles lisses, l'œil, le cœur, le système endocrinien et le système nerveux central. Les signes de cette maladie sont variés, allant d'une forme légère à une forme grave.
Génétique des populationsLa génétique des populations (GDP) est l'étude de la distribution et des changements de la fréquence des versions d'un gène (allèles) dans les populations d'êtres vivants, sous l'influence des « pressions évolutives » (sélection naturelle, dérive génétique, recombinaison, mutation, et migration). Les changements de fréquence des allèles sont un aspect majeur de l'évolution, la fixation de certains allèles conduit à une modification génétique de la population, et l'accumulation de tels changements dans différentes populations peut conduire au processus de spéciation.
Minimum viable populationMinimum viable population (MVP) is a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild. This term is commonly used in the fields of biology, ecology, and conservation biology. MVP refers to the smallest possible size at which a biological population can exist without facing extinction from natural disasters or demographic, environmental, or genetic stochasticity. The term "population" is defined as a group of interbreeding individuals in similar geographic area that undergo negligible gene flow with other groups of the species.
Spatiotemporal gene expressionSpatiotemporal gene expression is the activation of genes within specific tissues of an organism at specific times during development. Gene activation patterns vary widely in complexity. Some are straightforward and static, such as the pattern of tubulin, which is expressed in all cells at all times in life. Some, on the other hand, are extraordinarily intricate and difficult to predict and model, with expression fluctuating wildly from minute to minute or from cell to cell.
