Rendement d'une cellule photovoltaïquevignette| Meilleurs rendements de différentes technologies de cellules photovoltaïques mesurés en laboratoire depuis 1976. Le rendement d'une cellule photovoltaïque, parfois noté η, est le rapport entre l'énergie électrique générée par effet photovoltaïque d'une part et l'énergie électromagnétique reçue par la cellule photovoltaïque sous forme de rayonnement solaire d'autre part. Avec la latitude et le climat du lieu d'installation, le rendement des cellules solaires d'un dispositif photovoltaïque détermine la production d'énergie électrique annuelle du système.
Third-generation photovoltaic cellThird-generation photovoltaic cells are solar cells that are potentially able to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit of 31–41% power efficiency for single bandgap solar cells. This includes a range of alternatives to cells made of semiconducting p-n junctions ("first generation") and thin film cells ("second generation"). Common third-generation systems include multi-layer ("tandem") cells made of amorphous silicon or gallium arsenide, while more theoretical developments include frequency conversion, (i.e.
Hybrid solar cellHybrid solar cells combine advantages of both organic and inorganic semiconductors. Hybrid photovoltaics have organic materials that consist of conjugated polymers that absorb light as the donor and transport holes. Inorganic materials in hybrid cells are used as the acceptor and electron transporter in the structure. The hybrid photovoltaic devices have a potential for not only low-cost by roll-to-roll processing but also for scalable solar power conversion. Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
Multi-junction solar cellMulti-junction (MJ) solar cells are solar cells with multiple p–n junctions made of different semiconductor materials. Each material's p-n junction will produce electric current in response to different wavelengths of light. The use of multiple semiconducting materials allows the absorbance of a broader range of wavelengths, improving the cell's sunlight to electrical energy conversion efficiency. Traditional single-junction cells have a maximum theoretical efficiency of 33.16%.
Photovoltaic systemA photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is an electric power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery.
Nanocrystal solar cellNanocrystal solar cells are solar cells based on a substrate with a coating of nanocrystals. The nanocrystals are typically based on silicon, CdTe or CIGS and the substrates are generally silicon or various organic conductors. Quantum dot solar cells are a variant of this approach which take advantage of quantum mechanical effects to extract further performance. Dye-sensitized solar cells are another related approach, but in this case the nano-structuring is a part of the substrate.
Cellule photovoltaïque à pérovskiteUne cellule photovoltaïque à pérovskite est un type de cellule photovoltaïque dont la couche active est constituée d'un matériau de formule générale à structure pérovskite dans laquelle A est un cation, généralement de méthylammonium (MA), de formamidinium ou de césium , B est un cation d'étain ou de plomb , et X est un anion halogénure tel que chlorure , bromure ou iodure . Le rendement des cellules photovoltaïques utilisant ces matériaux est en constante augmentation depuis la fin des années 2000.
Centrale solaire thermodynamiqueUne centrale solaire thermodynamique (ou centrale solaire thermique à concentration ou encore héliothermodynamique), en anglais CSP (pour concentrated solar power) est un site industriel qui concentre les rayons du Soleil à l'aide de miroirs afin de chauffer un fluide caloporteur, lequel sert en général à produire de l'électricité. Ce type de centrale permet, en stockant ce fluide dans un réservoir, de prolonger le fonctionnement de la centrale plusieurs heures au-delà du coucher du Soleil.
Centrale solaire photovoltaïquethumb|Le Nellis Solar Power Plant comprend solaires PV sur (). Une centrale solaire photovoltaïque est un dispositif technique de production d'électricité renouvelable par des capteurs solaires photovoltaïques reliés entre eux (en série et en parallèle) et raccordé au réseau électrique par des onduleurs. Les centrales solaires sont de plus en plus puissantes (plus de en 2012), contrairement aux systèmes solaires photovoltaïques autonomes destinés à l'alimentation en électricité de bâtiments ou d'installations isolées (autoconsommation) dont la puissance dépasse rarement .
Solar power by countryMany countries and territories have installed significant solar power capacity into their electrical grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources. Solar power plants use one of two technologies: Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms, converting sunlight directly into electric power. Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as "concentrated solar thermal") plants use solar thermal energy to make steam, that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine.
