Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
TomodensitométrieLa tomodensitométrie (TDM), dite aussi scanographie, tomographie axiale calculée par ordinateur (TACO), CT-scan (CT : computed tomography), CAT-scan (CAT : computer-assisted tomography), ou simplement scanner ou scanneur pour l'appareil, est une technique d' qui consiste à mesurer l'absorption des rayons X par les tissus puis, par traitement informatique, à numériser et enfin reconstruire des images 2D ou 3D des structures anatomiques.
Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
Consolidation osseuseLa consolidation osseuse est un processus de reconstruction de l'os à la suite d'une fracture osseuse. Le processus de consolidation comporte 3 phases : Elle débute immédiatement après la fracture avec formation d’un hématome périfracturaire (J0 à J20). Formation du cal mou (fibreux) (J20 à J30) Formation du cal dur (ossification) (J30 à J60) Elle a pour but d’adapter le segment osseux aux contraintes mécaniques (1 à 4 ans).
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Jauge de déformationLe but des extensomètres (ou jauges extensométriques) à fils résistants ou jauges résistives de déformation (ou, abusivement, jauges de contrainte) est de traduire la déformation d'une pièce en variation de résistance électrique (plus les extensomètres s'étirent, plus leurs résistances augmentent). Elles consistent en des spires rapprochées et sont généralement fabriquées à partir d'une mince feuille métallique (quelques μm d'épaisseur) et d'un isolant électrique, que l'on traite comme un circuit imprimé (par lithographie et par attaque à l'acide).
Finite strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large deformation theory—deals with deformations in which strains and/or rotations are large enough to invalidate assumptions inherent in infinitesimal strain theory. In this case, the undeformed and deformed configurations of the continuum are significantly different, requiring a clear distinction between them. This is commonly the case with elastomers, plastically-deforming materials and other fluids and biological soft tissue.
Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Strain-rate tensorIn continuum mechanics, the strain-rate tensor or rate-of-strain tensor is a physical quantity that describes the rate of change of the deformation of a material in the neighborhood of a certain point, at a certain moment of time. It can be defined as the derivative of the strain tensor with respect to time, or as the symmetric component of the Jacobian matrix (derivative with respect to position) of the flow velocity. In fluid mechanics it also can be described as the velocity gradient, a measure of how the velocity of a fluid changes between different points within the fluid.
Déplacement quadratique moyenvignette|graphique du déplacement quadratique moyen. En mécanique statistique, le déplacement quadratique moyen (DQM, ou MSD, de l'anglais mean square displacement) est une mesure de l'éloignement d'une particule par rapport à une position de référence dans le temps. C'est la mesure la plus courante du mouvement aléatoire et peut être considérée comme une mesure de la partie "explorée" du système par un marcheur aléatoire.
