Écologie des systèmes lotiquesL'écologie des systèmes lotiques est l'étude des interactions biotiques et abiotiques dans les flux d'eaux courantes continentales. Avec l'écologie des systèmes lentiques, qui concerne les eaux continentales moins dynamiques, comme les lacs ou les étangs, elle forme le champ d'études plus général de l'eau douce ou de l'écologie aquatique. Les milieux lotiques prennent des formes très diverses, allant du ruisseau peu large au grand fleuve de plusieurs kilomètres de large, mais présentent des invariances qui justifient leur étude commune.
Agricultural soil scienceAgricultural soil science is a branch of soil science that deals with the study of edaphic conditions as they relate to the production of food and fiber. In this context, it is also a constituent of the field of agronomy and is thus also described as soil agronomy. Prior to the development of pedology in the 19th century, agricultural soil science (or edaphology) was the only branch of soil science. The bias of early soil science toward viewing soils only in terms of their agricultural potential continues to define the soil science profession in both academic and popular settings .
Rotational grazingIn agriculture, rotational grazing, as opposed to continuous grazing, describes many systems of pasturing, whereby livestock are moved to portions of the pasture, called paddocks, while the other portions rest. Each paddock must provide all the needs of the livestock, such as food, water and sometimes shade and shelter. The approach often produces lower outputs than more intensive animal farming operations, but requires lower inputs, and therefore sometimes produces higher net farm income per animal.
Seaweed fertiliserSeaweed fertiliser (or fertilizer) is organic fertilizer made from seaweed that is used in agriculture to increase soil fertility and plant growth. The use of seaweed fertilizer dates back to antiquity and has a broad array of benefits for soils. Seaweed fertilizer can be applied in a number of different forms, including refined liquid extracts and dried, pulverized organic material. Through its composition of various bioactive molecules, seaweed functions as a strong soil conditioner, bio-remediator, and biological pest control, with each seaweed phylum offering various benefits to soil and crop health.
Organic movementThe organic movement broadly refers to the organizations and individuals involved worldwide in the promotion of organic food and other organic products. It started during the first half of the 20th century, when modern large-scale agricultural practices began to appear. An organic product can broadly be described as not containing toxic chemicals (including synthetic pesticides, arsenic-containing herbicides, fertilization biosolids, chemical food additives, antibiotics, synthetic hormones, and industrial solvents).
Cattle feedingThere are different systems of feeding cattle in animal husbandry. For pastured animals, grass is usually the forage that composes the majority of their diet. Cattle reared in feedlots are fed hay supplemented with grain, soy and other ingredients to increase the energy density of the feed. The debate is whether cattle should be raised on fodder primarily composed of grass or a concentrate. The issue is complicated by the political interests and confusion between labels such as "free range", "organic", or "natural".
Transhumancethumb|Moutons transhumant vers la vallée dans les Pyrénées (étage alpin). La transhumance est la migration périodique du bétail (bovidés, cervidés, équidés et ovins) entre les pâturages d'hiver et les pâturages d'été. Elle a pour objectif l'engraissement du troupeau mais aussi sa reproduction. Elle se pratique sur tous les continents. Cette « forme de nomadisme assagi » (Fernand Braudel), qui remonte au moins à , connaît un déclin progressif en Occident au .
Parcours (pastoralisme)Le parcours était un véritable réseau ouvert de pacage, c'est-à-dire un assemblage de lieux de pâture différents reliés entre eux par des passages. Variable par son extension dans le temps, il pouvait être constitué par des pâturages communaux, des routes, chemins, passages ou voies de passage ouvertes, des bandes de terrains en lisière de ces voies ou sentes. Ils concernaient, suivant les coutumes orales constamment réactualisées ou les justices locales, avec leurs gardiens, différents types de bétail, parfois sélectivement : bovins, ovins, caprins, porcins.
DétritivoreLes détritivores, détritiphages ou saprophages sont des êtres vivants, des bactéries, champignons et invertébrés lato sensu, qui se nourrissent de débris animaux, végétaux ou fongiques qui sont des excrétats, excréments, sont en décomposition, ou font partie de la nécromasse. Ils correspondent stricto sensu à des invertébrés (essentiellement des microarthropodes et des vers) qui amorcent l'action de décomposition, laquelle est achevée par les décomposeurs.
Plant nutrients in soilSeventeen elements or nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction. They are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and chlorine (Cl). Nutrients required for plants to complete their life cycle are considered essential nutrients. Nutrients that enhance the growth of plants but are not necessary to complete the plant's life cycle are considered non-essential.
