Microprocesseur multi-cœurvignette|Un processeur quad-core AMD Opteron. vignette|L’Intel Core 2 Duo E6300 est un processeur double cœur. Un microprocesseur multi-cœur (multi-core en anglais) est un microprocesseur possédant plusieurs cœurs physiques fonctionnant simultanément. Il se distingue d'architectures plus anciennes (360/91) où un processeur unique commandait plusieurs circuits de calcul simultanés. Un cœur (en anglais, core) est un ensemble de circuits capables d’exécuter des programmes de façon autonome.
Central processing unitA central processing unit (CPU)—also called a central processor or main processor—is the most important processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized coprocessors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over time, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged.
General-purpose processing on graphics processing unitsGPGPU est l'abréviation de general-purpose computing on graphics processing units, c'est-à-dire calcul générique sur processeur graphique. L'objectif de tels calculs est de bénéficier de la capacité de traitement parallèle des processeurs graphiques. Avant l'arrivée des GPGPU, le CPU, processeur central de l'ordinateur, traitait la plupart des opérations lourdes en calcul comme les simulations physiques, le rendu hors-ligne pour les films, les calculs de risques pour les institutions financières, la prévision météorologique, l'encodage de fichier vidéo et son Intel avec ses 80 % de parts de marché sur les CPU dominait donc très largement tous les besoins en calcul et pouvait en extraire de substantielles marges.
Calcul hétérogèneHeterogeneous computing refers to systems that use more than one kind of processor or core. These systems gain performance or energy efficiency not just by adding the same type of processors, but by adding dissimilar coprocessors, usually incorporating specialized processing capabilities to handle particular tasks. Usually heterogeneity in the context of computing referred to different instruction-set architectures (ISA), where the main processor has one and other processors have another - usually a very different - architecture (maybe more than one), not just a different microarchitecture (floating point number processing is a special case of this - not usually referred to as heterogeneous).
Processeur graphiqueUn processeur graphique, ou GPU (de l'anglais Graphics Processing Unit), également appelé coprocesseur graphique sur certains systèmes, est une unité de calcul assurant les fonctions de calcul d'image. Il peut être présent sous forme de circuit intégré (ou puce) indépendant, soit sur une carte graphique ou sur la carte mère, ou encore intégré au même circuit intégré que le microprocesseur général (on parle d'un SoC lorsqu'il comporte toutes les puces spécialisées).
Heterogeneous System ArchitectureHeterogeneous System Architecture (HSA) is a cross-vendor set of specifications that allow for the integration of central processing units and graphics processors on the same bus, with shared memory and tasks. The HSA is being developed by the HSA Foundation, which includes (among many others) AMD and ARM. The platform's stated aim is to reduce communication latency between CPUs, GPUs and other compute devices, and make these various devices more compatible from a programmer's perspective, relieving the programmer of the task of planning the moving of data between devices' disjoint memories (as must currently be done with OpenCL or CUDA).
High-level synthesisHigh-level synthesis (HLS), sometimes referred to as C synthesis, electronic system-level (ESL) synthesis, algorithmic synthesis, or behavioral synthesis, is an automated design process that takes an abstract behavioral specification of a digital system and finds a register-transfer level structure that realizes the given behavior. Synthesis begins with a high-level specification of the problem, where behavior is generally decoupled from low-level circuit mechanics such as clock-level timing.
Hopper (microarchitecture)Hopper is a graphics processing unit (GPU) microarchitecture developed by Nvidia. It is designed for datacenters and is parallel to Ada Lovelace. Named for computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral Grace Hopper, the Hopper architecture was leaked in November 2019 and officially revealed in March 2022. It improves upon its predecessors, the Turing and Ampere microarchitectures, featuring a new streaming multiprocessor and a faster memory subsystem. The Nvidia Hopper H100 GPU is implemented using the TSMC 4N process with 80 billion transistors.
Tesla (microarchitecture)Tesla is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, and released in 2006, as the successor to Curie microarchitecture. It was named after the pioneering electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. As Nvidia's first microarchitecture to implement unified shaders, it was used with GeForce 8 Series, GeForce 9 Series, GeForce 100 Series, GeForce 200 Series, and GeForce 300 Series of GPUs collectively manufactured in 90 nm, 80 nm, 65 nm, 55 nm, and 40 nm.
Portable ExecutableLe format PE (Portable Executable, exécutable portable) est un format de fichiers dérivé du regroupant les exécutables et les bibliothèques sur les systèmes d'exploitation Windows 32 bits et 64 bits. Les extensions couvertes par ce format sont, l'extension .ocx (OLE et ActiveX), l'extension .dll et l'extension .cpl. C'est également le format utilisé pour les exécutables de l'UEFI (.efi). Microsoft a adopté le format PE avec l'introduction de Windows NT 3.1. Toutes les versions suivantes de Windows, incluant Windows 10/11, supportent ce format.
