Chiral modelIn nuclear physics, the chiral model, introduced by Feza Gürsey in 1960, is a phenomenological model describing effective interactions of mesons in the chiral limit (where the masses of the quarks go to zero), but without necessarily mentioning quarks at all. It is a nonlinear sigma model with the principal homogeneous space of a Lie group as its target manifold. When the model was originally introduced, this Lie group was the SU(N) , where N is the number of quark flavors.
Icosahedral symmetryIn mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron. Examples of other polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry include the regular dodecahedron (the dual of the icosahedron) and the rhombic triacontahedron. Every polyhedron with icosahedral symmetry has 60 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries and 60 orientation-reversing symmetries (that combine a rotation and a reflection), for a total symmetry order of 120.
Neutral particle oscillationIn particle physics, neutral particle oscillation is the transmutation of a particle with zero electric charge into another neutral particle due to a change of a non-zero internal quantum number, via an interaction that does not conserve that quantum number. Neutral particle oscillations were first investigated in 1954 by Murray Gell-mann and Abraham Pais. For example, a neutron cannot transmute into an antineutron as that would violate the conservation of baryon number.
NeutrinoLe neutrino est une particule élémentaire du modèle standard de la physique des particules. Les neutrinos sont des fermions de , plus précisément des leptons. Ils sont électriquement neutres. Il en existe trois « saveurs » : électronique, muonique et tauique. L’existence du neutrino a été postulée pour la première fois en 1930 par Wolfgang Pauli pour expliquer le spectre continu de la désintégration bêta ainsi que l’apparente non-conservation du moment cinétique, et sa première confirmation expérimentale remonte à 1956.
Automorphism groupIn mathematics, the automorphism group of an object X is the group consisting of automorphisms of X under composition of morphisms. For example, if X is a finite-dimensional vector space, then the automorphism group of X is the group of invertible linear transformations from X to itself (the general linear group of X). If instead X is a group, then its automorphism group is the group consisting of all group automorphisms of X. Especially in geometric contexts, an automorphism group is also called a symmetry group.
Gauge fixingIn the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space.
AutomorphismeUn automorphisme est un isomorphisme d'un objet mathématique X dans lui-même. Le plus souvent, c'est une bijection de X dans X qui préserve la « structure » de X. On peut le voir comme une symétrie de X. Les automorphismes de X forment un groupe. La définition abstraite d'un automorphisme est la suivante : c'est un endomorphisme qui est en même temps un isomorphisme. Autrement dit, c'est un morphisme d'un objet X d'une catégorie donnée dans lui-même, qui est également un isomorphisme.
One-dimensional symmetry groupA one-dimensional symmetry group is a mathematical group that describes symmetries in one dimension (1D). A pattern in 1D can be represented as a function f(x) for, say, the color at position x. The only nontrivial point group in 1D is a simple reflection. It can be represented by the simplest Coxeter group, A1, [ ], or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram . Affine symmetry groups represent translation. Isometries which leave the function unchanged are translations x + a with a such that f(x + a) = f(x) and reflections a − x with a such that f(a − x) = f(x).
Chirality (physics)A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its (see the article on mathematical chirality). The spin of a particle may be used to define a handedness, or helicity, for that particle, which, in the case of a massless particle, is the same as chirality. A symmetry transformation between the two is called parity transformation. Invariance under parity transformation by a Dirac fermion is called chiral symmetry. Helicity (particle physics) The helicity of a particle is positive (“right-handed”) if the direction of its spin is the same as the direction of its motion.
Groupe classiqueEn mathématiques, les groupes classiques sont différentes familles de groupes de transformations liées à l'algèbre linéaire, principalement les groupes linéaires, orthogonaux, symplectiques et unitaires. Ces groupes peuvent aussi être présentés comme groupes de matrices inversibles, et des quotients de ceux-ci. Les groupes matrices carrées d'ordre n (GL(n, R)), GL(n, C)), le groupe des matrices orthogonales d'ordre n (O(n)) et le groupe des matrices unitaires d'ordre n (U(n)) sont des exemples explicites de groupes classiques.
