Publication
The critical rates of extraction of some metals was explored using a methodology based on the thinking behind critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen deposition developed in Europe 1990- 2010. With a long-term sustainability view in mind, critical rates based on 5,000 and 10,000 years were estimated and found to widely exceed the present extraction rates. Huge advances in recycling, as well as a significant contraction of metal demand are required in order not to overstep the critical rates.
Nicolai Cramer, Matthew Wodrich, Miyeon Chang, Simone Gallarati