Méthode de BrentEn analyse numérique, la méthode de Brent est un algorithme de recherche d'un zéro d'une fonction combinant la méthode de dichotomie, la méthode de la sécante et l’interpolation quadratique inverse. À chaque itération, elle décide laquelle de ces trois méthodes est susceptible d’approcher au mieux le zéro, et effectue une itération en utilisant cette méthode. L'idée principale est d'utiliser la méthode de la sécante ou d'interpolation quadratique inverse parce qu'elles convergent vite, et de revenir à la méthode de dichotomie si besoin est.
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equationsNumerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals. Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation.
Business simulationBusiness simulation or corporate simulation is simulation used for business training, education or analysis. It can be scenario-based or numeric-based. Most business simulations are used for business acumen training and development. Learning objectives include: strategic thinking, decision making, problem solving, financial analysis, market analysis, operations, teamwork and leadership. The business gaming community seems lately to have adopted the term business simulation game instead of just gaming or just simulation.
Génétique des populationsLa génétique des populations (GDP) est l'étude de la distribution et des changements de la fréquence des versions d'un gène (allèles) dans les populations d'êtres vivants, sous l'influence des « pressions évolutives » (sélection naturelle, dérive génétique, recombinaison, mutation, et migration). Les changements de fréquence des allèles sont un aspect majeur de l'évolution, la fixation de certains allèles conduit à une modification génétique de la population, et l'accumulation de tels changements dans différentes populations peut conduire au processus de spéciation.
Population de petite tailleUne population de petite taille se comporte différemment des grandes populations. Ce type de population est souvent le résultat d'un goulet d'étranglement, qui a des conséquences dramatiques pour la survie de cette population. L'influence de la variation stochastique des taux démographiques (taux de reproduction et de mortalité) est beaucoup plus élevée dans les petites populations que dans les grandes. Cette variation stochastique cause une fluctuation aléatoire de la taille des petites populations : plus la population est petite, plus la probabilité que ces fluctuations conduisent à l'extinction est grande.
Evolutionary computationIn computer science, evolutionary computation is a family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution, and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms. In technical terms, they are a family of population-based trial and error problem solvers with a metaheuristic or stochastic optimization character. In evolutionary computation, an initial set of candidate solutions is generated and iteratively updated.
Simulation softwareSimulation software is based on the process of modeling a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas. It is, essentially, a program that allows the user to observe an operation through simulation without actually performing that operation. Simulation software is used widely to design equipment so that the final product will be as close to design specs as possible without expensive in process modification. Simulation software with real-time response is often used in gaming, but it also has important industrial applications.
Multigrid methodIn numerical analysis, a multigrid method (MG method) is an algorithm for solving differential equations using a hierarchy of discretizations. They are an example of a class of techniques called multiresolution methods, very useful in problems exhibiting multiple scales of behavior. For example, many basic relaxation methods exhibit different rates of convergence for short- and long-wavelength components, suggesting these different scales be treated differently, as in a Fourier analysis approach to multigrid.
Training simulationIn business, training simulation is a virtual medium through which various types of skills can be acquired. Training simulations can be used in a variety of genres; however they are most commonly used in corporate situations to improve business awareness and management skills. They are also common in academic environments as an integrated part of a business or management course. The word simulation implies an imitation of a real-life process, usually via a computer or other technological device, in order to provide a lifelike experience.
Algorithme évolutionnistevignette|redresse=1.2|Un algorithme évolutionnaire utilise itérativement des opérateurs de sélections (en bleu) et de variation (en jaune). i : initialisation, f(X) : évaluation, ? : critère d'arrêt, Se : sélection, Cr : croisement, Mu : mutation, Re : remplacement, X* : optimum. Les algorithmes évolutionnistes ou algorithmes évolutionnaires (evolutionary algorithms en anglais), sont une famille d'algorithmes dont le principe s'inspire de la théorie de l'évolution pour résoudre des problèmes divers.
