Voltage source

Summary

A voltage source is a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage. An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load resistance or the output current. However, a real-world voltage source cannot supply unlimited current. A voltage source is the dual of a current source. Real-world sources of electrical energy, such as batteries and generators, can be modeled for analysis purposes as a combination of an ideal voltage source and additional combinations of impedance elements. Ideal voltage sources An ideal voltage source is a two-terminal device that maintains a fixed voltage drop across its terminals. It is often used as a mathematical abstraction that simplifies the analysis of real electric circuits. If the voltage across an ideal voltage source can be specified independently of any other variable in a circuit, it is called an independent voltage source. Conversely, if the voltage across an ideal voltage source is determined by

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Enhanced current and voltage regulators for stand-alone applications

Federico De Bosio

State feedback decoupling permits to achieve a better dynamic response for Voltage Source in stand-alone applications. The design of current and voltage regulators is performed in the discrete-time domain since it provides better accuracy and allows direct pole placement. As the attainable bandwidth of the current loop is mainly limited by computational and PWM delays, a lead compensator structure is proposed to overcome this limitation. The design of the voltage regulator is based on the Nyquist criterion, verifying to guarantee a high sensitivity peak. Discrete-time domain implementation issues of an anti-wind up scheme are discussed as well. Laboratory tests in compliance with the standard for UPS systems (IEC 62040-3) are performed to validate the theoretical analysis.

Ieee2016

On the Ohmic-dominant heating mode of capacitively coupled plasma inverted by boundary electron emission

Guang-Yu Sun, Haomin Sun

Electron emission from the boundary is ubiquitous in a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) and precipitates nonnegligible influence on the discharge properties. Here, we present Particle-in-Cell/Monte Carlo Collision simulation of an Ohmic-dominant heating mode of the capacitively coupled plasma, where the stochastic heating vanishes and only Ohmic heating sustains the discharge due to sheath inversion by boundary electron emission. The inverted CCP features negative sheath potential without Bohm presheath, hence excluding plasma heating due to sheath edge oscillation. The particle and energy transport of the proposed heating mode is analyzed. The influence of boundary electron emission flux, source voltage, and neutral pressure on the transition between classic and Ohmic-dominant CCP heating modes is shown with designated simulation scans. A modified inverse sheath–plasma coupling due to excessive ionization is discovered. In the end, key indicators of the proposed heating mode in plasma diagnostics are provided for future experimental verifications.

2022

An autonomous untethered soft robotic insect

Yoan René Cyrille Civet, Xinru Ji, Yves Perriard, Herbert Shea

Insects are a constant source of inspiration for roboticists. Their compliant bodies allow them to squeeze through small openings and be highly resilient to impacts. However, making sub-gram autonomous soft robots, untethered and capable of responding intelligently to the environment, is a long-standing challenge. One obstacle is the low power density of soft actuators, leading to small robots unable to carry their sense and control electronics and a power supply. Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs), a class of electrostatic electroactive polymers, allow for kHz operation with high power density, but require typically several kV to reach full strain. The mass of kV supplies has limited DEA robot speed and performance. In this work, we report Low-Voltage Stacked Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (LVSDEAs) with an operating voltage below 450V, and use them to propel an insect-sized (40 mm long) soft untethered and autonomous legged robot. The DEAnsect body, with 3 LVSDEAs to drive its three legs, weighs 190 mg and can carry a 950 mg payload (5x its body weight). The unloaded DEAnsect moves at 30 mm/s and is very robust by virtue of its compliance. The sub-500V operation voltage enabled us to develop 780 mg drive electronics, including optical sensors, a microcontroller and a battery, for 2 channels to output 450V with frequencies up to 1 kHz. By integrating this flexible PCB with the DEAnsect, we developed a sub-gram robot capable of autonomous navigation, independently following printed paths. This work paves the way for new generations of resilient soft and fast untethered robots.

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