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Concept
Thyroid hormones
Summary
File:Thyroid_system.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[thyroid]] system of the thyroid hormones [[triiodothyronine|T3]] and T4References used in image are found in image article in Commons:[[Commons:File:Thyroid system.png#References]].
rect 376 268 820 433 [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]]
rect 411 200 849 266 [[Thyrotropin-releasing hormone]]
rect 297 168 502 200 [[Hypothalamus]]
rect 66 216 386 256 [[Anterior pituitary|Anterior pituitary gland]]
rect 66 332 342 374 [[Negative feedback]]
rect 308 436 510 475 [[Thyroid|Thyroid gland]]
rect 256 539 563 635 [[Thyroid hormones]]
rect 357 827 569 856 [[Catecholamine]]
rect 399 716 591 750 [[Metabolism]]
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Thyroid hormones are any hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine, derived from food. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre.
The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), whose half-life of around one week is longer than that of T3. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5′-deiodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.
American chemist Edward Calvin Kendall was responsible for the isolation of thyroxine in 1915. In 2020, levothyroxine, a manufactured form of thyroxine, was the second most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 98 million prescriptions. Levothyroxine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
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