Standard temperature and pressure

Summary

Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are various standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted standards. Other organizations have established a variety of alternative definitions for their standard reference conditions. In industry and commerce, the standard conditions for temperature and pressure are often necessary to define the standard reference conditions to express the volumes of gases and liquids and related quantities such as the rate of volumetric flow (the volumes of gases vary significantly with temperature and pressure): standard cubic meters per second (Sm3/s), and normal cubic meters per second (Nm3/s). However, many technical publications (books, journals, advertisements

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure

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The MEU GIS-enabled web-platform has been developed in close collaboration with four Swiss cities: it enables detailed monitoring and planning for both energy demand and supply at individual building and neighborhood level (http://meu.epfl.ch). Whereas the first version of the MEU platform allowed launching calculations for only up to several hundreds of buildings at a time, the refactored version presently gives access to entire cities comprising several thousands of buildings with the same level of detail. On one hand, the code architecture has been thoroughly revised and consolidated while, on the other hand, the databases for the four partner cities are being completed, checked, corrected and eventually made completely available for several years. A large test campaign is thus underway on the refactored version of the MEU platform. In the upcoming months, the latter will present all the functionalities of the prototype version, i.e. include the construction and evaluation of complex energy scenarios. New functionalities are concomitantly being added to the MEU platform, in particular at the level of the energy networks. Indeed, in the prototype version, the latter were only displayed but no network attributes (except geo-referencing) were neither introduced nor used in calculations. The envisioned new functionalities will enable to start filling this important usability gap by adding network detailed attributes to the database structure and by allowing pre-dimensioning calculations based on selected energy scenarios and including the networks characteristics (available power, temperatures/pressures, limiting dimensions, aso.). The energy supply side aspects will thus be quantitatively be taken into account, along with the implications in terms of network extension/densification precisely determined. The natural gas network, which is – and shall continue to be - broadly present in all four partner cities, representing up to 30 % of the overall final territorial energy consumption, will be used as the first test case, in close collaboration with local multi-energy utilities.

2014

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Curran Associates, Inc.2014

The properties of efficient solar cells fabricated with triple-cation perovskite placed between a mesoporous titania layer and a spiro-OMeTAD layer are studied by using devices either prepared under water-free drybox conditions or fabricated under ambient room humidity. The morphological studies indicate that the content of unreacted PbI2 phase in the perovskite structure is much higher near the interface with titania than near the interface with spiro-OMeTAD. The stationary emission spectra and transient bleach peaks of perovskites show additional long-wavelength features close to the titania side. Time-resolved techniques ranging from femtoseconds to seconds reveal further differences in charge dynamics at both interfaces. The population decay is significantly faster at the titania side than at the spiro-OMeTAD side for the cells prepared under ambient conditions. An increased hole injection rate correlates with higher photocurrent seen in the devices prepared under drybox conditions. The charge recombination loss on the millisecond time scale is found to be slower at the interface with titania than at the interface with spiro-OMeTAD. The ideality factor of the cells is found to increase with increasing DMSO content in the precursor solution, indicating a change in recombination mechanism from bulk to surface recombination. We also found that the charge dynamics are not uniform within the whole perovskite layer. This feature has significant implications for understanding the operation and optimizing the performance of solar devices based on mixed cation perovskites.

AMER CHEMICAL SOC2020

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2014

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Curran Associates, Inc.2014