Conditions normales de température et de pression

Les conditions normales de température et de pression (parfois abrégé CNTP) sont des conditions pratiques, en partie arbitraires, d'expérimentation et de mesure en laboratoire en physique et en chimie. Elles permettent des comparaisons commodes entre résultats expérimentaux. Les conditions les plus usuelles fixent la température normale à () et la pression normale à ( = ), soit la pression atmosphérique moyenne au niveau de la mer. D'autres définitions sont toutefois aussi usitées. Histoire des sciences Dans l'expression « conditions normales », le terme « normal » signifie « normalisé » et non pas « habituel ». Au début du , en physique des gaz, est apparu le besoin de rapporter les résultats d'expériences à des conditions standards, ou normales, de pression et de température. Ces conditions résultent d'un accord empirique et consensuel des expérimentateurs qui s'est établi progressivement dans la première moitié du en Europe. Pression normale Pour la pres

Evolution of and additional functionalities to the city energy planning platform MEU

Massimiliano Capezzali, Gaëtan Cherix, Pablo Puerto, Jakob Moritz Fabian Rager, Stéphane Restani

The MEU GIS-enabled web-platform has been developed in close collaboration with four Swiss cities: it enables detailed monitoring and planning for both energy demand and supply at individual building and neighborhood level (http://meu.epfl.ch). Whereas the first version of the MEU platform allowed launching calculations for only up to several hundreds of buildings at a time, the refactored version presently gives access to entire cities comprising several thousands of buildings with the same level of detail. On one hand, the code architecture has been thoroughly revised and consolidated while, on the other hand, the databases for the four partner cities are being completed, checked, corrected and eventually made completely available for several years. A large test campaign is thus underway on the refactored version of the MEU platform. In the upcoming months, the latter will present all the functionalities of the prototype version, i.e. include the construction and evaluation of complex energy scenarios. New functionalities are concomitantly being added to the MEU platform, in particular at the level of the energy networks. Indeed, in the prototype version, the latter were only displayed but no network attributes (except geo-referencing) were neither introduced nor used in calculations. The envisioned new functionalities will enable to start filling this important usability gap by adding network detailed attributes to the database structure and by allowing pre-dimensioning calculations based on selected energy scenarios and including the networks characteristics (available power, temperatures/pressures, limiting dimensions, aso.). The energy supply side aspects will thus be quantitatively be taken into account, along with the implications in terms of network extension/densification precisely determined. The natural gas network, which is – and shall continue to be - broadly present in all four partner cities, representing up to 30 % of the overall final territorial energy consumption, will be used as the first test case, in close collaboration with local multi-energy utilities.

2014

Evolution of and additional functionalities to the city energy planning platform MEU

Massimiliano Capezzali, Gaëtan Cherix, Pablo Puerto, Jakob Moritz Fabian Rager, Stéphane Restani

Curran Associates, Inc.2014

Understanding the Interfaces between Triple-Cation Perovskite and Electron or Hole Transporting Material

Jessica Taylor Flach, Ulf Anders Hagfeldt

The properties of efficient solar cells fabricated with triple-cation perovskite placed between a mesoporous titania layer and a spiro-OMeTAD layer are studied by using devices either prepared under water-free drybox conditions or fabricated under ambient room humidity. The morphological studies indicate that the content of unreacted PbI2 phase in the perovskite structure is much higher near the interface with titania than near the interface with spiro-OMeTAD. The stationary emission spectra and transient bleach peaks of perovskites show additional long-wavelength features close to the titania side. Time-resolved techniques ranging from femtoseconds to seconds reveal further differences in charge dynamics at both interfaces. The population decay is significantly faster at the titania side than at the spiro-OMeTAD side for the cells prepared under ambient conditions. An increased hole injection rate correlates with higher photocurrent seen in the devices prepared under drybox conditions. The charge recombination loss on the millisecond time scale is found to be slower at the interface with titania than at the interface with spiro-OMeTAD. The ideality factor of the cells is found to increase with increasing DMSO content in the precursor solution, indicating a change in recombination mechanism from bulk to surface recombination. We also found that the charge dynamics are not uniform within the whole perovskite layer. This feature has significant implications for understanding the operation and optimizing the performance of solar devices based on mixed cation perovskites.

AMER CHEMICAL SOC2020

Evolution of and additional functionalities to the city energy planning platform MEU

Massimiliano Capezzali, Gaëtan Cherix, Pablo Puerto, Jakob Moritz Fabian Rager, Stéphane Restani

Curran Associates, Inc.2014

Evolution of and additional functionalities to the city energy planning platform MEU

Massimiliano Capezzali, Gaëtan Cherix, Pablo Puerto, Jakob Moritz Fabian Rager, Stéphane Restani

2014