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A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex internal and external structures. They are lightweight yet strong and hard and serve multiple functions. Bone tissue (osseous tissue), which is also called bone in the uncountable sense of that word, is hard tissue, a type of specialised connective tissue. It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity. Bone tissue is made up of different types of bone cells. Osteoblasts and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralisation of bone; osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue. Modified (flattened) osteoblasts become the lining cells that form a protective layer on the bone surface. The mineralised matrix of bon

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ME-482: Biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system

The basis for a mechanical description of the musculoskeletal system are presented. This description is based on the concepts of solid mechanics, physiology and anatomy of the musculoskeletal system. Concrete examples of the development of implants are also covered.

BIOENG-449: Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that broadly impacts human health. This course provides students an overview of how engineering approaches can be used to investigate and manipulate cell and tissue functions and enable students to be on the cutting edge of tissue engineering.

BIO-687: Engineering of musculoskeletal system and rehabilitation

This course presents today research questions and methods associated to the musculoskeletal system, its pathologies, and treatment.

Micromotion measurement around femoral stem for the long-term success of total hip arthroplasty

The primary stability of cementless femoral components is crucial for the long-term success of total hip arthroplasty. The mechanisms which influence this stability are not yet well understood. However, mechanical environment in peri-implant tissue is known to be a key parameter in this context. Particularly, implant loading induces local micromotions at the bone-implant interface and affects the stability of the implant. In this project we are interested to characterize these micromotions and to interpret them into clinical solutions. In the first part of the project, we propose to design a loading device which allows to apply loads on bones in-vitro and to generate these micromotions. In the second part, student will use the microCT scan system to take images of bone under different loads and finally a home-made algorithm should be developed for micromotion measurement and statistical analyses. The work uses both biomechanics and image processing principles.

2012

A numerical model to reproduce an experimental design to detect strain in cement

Christina Maria Bauer

An experimental set-up consisting of a loading device inserted in a μCT scanner was numerically simulated to predict the strain at the bone-implant interface of the scapula after applying various loading conditions. The aim of the project was to determine which applied force is required to induce strain measurable by the μCT scanner. First, a 3D model of the bone was obtained by scanning a cadaveric scapula using CT scanner. Second, cortical and trabecular bone were segmented according to Hounsfield Units using Amira software. Extracted 3D scapula was assembled with a glenoid implant and cement and was cut to fit into the loading device. Final, a finite element model was created using Abaqus software. A mesh convergence study was undertaken to set the local element size to 2 mm around the peri-implant area. Strain – volume distribution in the cement was investigated. For an axial loading of 2.4 kN, 60% of the volume achieved a maximum principal strain value lying between 0.15% - 0.29% strain. Previous studies on DVC approach showed strain errors of 6 to 8 με. Such a low error percentage would be suitable for this study and hence the strain level should be detectable.

2016

T Cell Costimulation Molecules CD80/86 Inhibit Osteoclast Differentiation by Inducing the IDO/Tryptophan Pathway

Zhen Chen, Mario Michael Zaiss

Bone resorption is seminal for the physiological remodeling of bone during life. However, this process needs to be strictly controlled; excessive bone resorption results in pathologic bone loss, osteoporosis, and fracture. We describe a control mechanism of bone resorption by the adaptive immune system. CD80/86, a pair of molecules expressed by antigen-presenting cells and involved in T cell costimulation, act as negative regulator for the generation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. CD80/86-deficient mice were osteopenic because of increased osteoclast differentiation. CD80/86-deficient osteoclasts escaped physiological inhibition by CTLA-4 or regulatory T cells. Mechanistically, engagement of CD80/86 by CTLA-4 induced activation of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in osteoclast precursors, which degraded tryptophan and promoted apoptosis. Concordantly, IDO-deficient mice also showed an osteopenic bone phenotype with higher numbers of osteoclast precursors and osteoclasts. Also, IDO-deficient mononuclear cells escaped the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of CTLA-4. This molecular mechanism was also present in humans because targeting CD80/86 by abatacept, a CTLA-4-immunoglobulin fusion protein, reduced, whereas blockade of CTLA-4 by ipilimumab antibody enhanced, the frequency of peripheral osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis. In summary, these data show an important role of the adaptive immune system, in particular T cell CD80/86 costimulation molecules, in the physiological regulation of bone resorption and preservation of bone mass, as well as affect the understanding of the function of current and future drugs fostering or blocking the effects of CTLA-4 in humans.

Amer Assoc Advancement Science2014

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone sterility, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It i

Skull

The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone. However two parts are more prominent:

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of ske