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Concept
Allotransplantation
Summary
Allotransplant (allo- meaning "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
It is contrasted with autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person), syngenic transplantation of isografts (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals) and xenotransplantation (from other species).
Allografts can be referred to as "homostatic" if they are biologically inert when transplanted, such as bone and cartilage.
An immune response against an allograft or xenograft is termed rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack on the recipient, called graft-versus-host disease.
Material is obtained from a donor who is a living person, or a deceased person's body receiving mechanical support or ventilation, or a deceased person's body whose heart stopped beating. Screening for pathology and risk factors for communicable diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis B and C is then conducted.
In the US, donor tissue must be recovered and processed adhering to the Current Good Tissue Practices rule. In most cases, it is sent to tissue banks for processing and distribution. Each year, Food and Drug Administration regulated and American Association of Tissue Banks-accredited tissue banks distribute 1.5 million bone and tissue allografts.
Transplantable organs and tissues
A variety of organs and tissues can be used for allografts, including:
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair
Joint reconstruction in the knee and ankle
Meniscal replacement
Reconstruction due to cancer or trauma
Ridge augmentation in dental procedures
Shoulder repair
Spinal fusion
Urological procedures
Skin transplants
Corneal transplants
Heart transplants
Heart valves
Lung transplantation
Intestinal transplantation (isolated small bowel, intestine & liver, multivisceral)
Liver transplants
Kidney transplants
Pancreas transplantation
Islet cell transplantation
Bone marrow transplants
Bone allograft
Ligament or tendon allograft
In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulated human tissue intended for transplants since 1993.
Official source
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