Sine-Gordon equationThe sine-Gordon equation is a nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equation for a function dependent on two variables typically denoted and , involving the wave operator and the sine of . It was originally introduced by in the course of study of surfaces of constant negative curvature as the Gauss–Codazzi equation for surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature −1 in 3-dimensional space. The equation was rediscovered by in their study of crystal dislocations known as the Frenkel–Kontorova model.
Entropie différentielleDifferential entropy (also referred to as continuous entropy) is a concept in information theory that began as an attempt by Claude Shannon to extend the idea of (Shannon) entropy, a measure of average (surprisal) of a random variable, to continuous probability distributions. Unfortunately, Shannon did not derive this formula, and rather just assumed it was the correct continuous analogue of discrete entropy, but it is not. The actual continuous version of discrete entropy is the limiting density of discrete points (LDDP).
Constant curvatureIn mathematics, constant curvature is a concept from differential geometry. Here, curvature refers to the sectional curvature of a space (more precisely a manifold) and is a single number determining its local geometry. The sectional curvature is said to be constant if it has the same value at every point and for every two-dimensional tangent plane at that point. For example, a sphere is a surface of constant positive curvature.
Bulle de savonUne bulle de savon est un mince film d'eau retenu par une pellicule de molécules savonneuses, formant une sphère, dont la surface est chatoyante. Cette bulle, remplie d'air, reste stable quelques instants, durant lesquels elle est capable de flotter dans l'atmosphère, mais elle est sensible au contact avec des corps solides. Image:Soap bubbles in Algerian grassland.jpg|Un petit garçon faisant des bulles de savon dans une prairie d'Algérie Image:Boy Blowing Bubbles Edouard Manet.
Lie group actionIn differential geometry, a Lie group action is a group action adapted to the smooth setting: G is a Lie group, M is a smooth manifold, and the action map is differentiable. TOC Let be a (left) group action of a Lie group G on a smooth manifold M; it is called a Lie group action (or smooth action) if the map is differentiable. Equivalently, a Lie group action of G on M consists of a Lie group homomorphism . A smooth manifold endowed with a Lie group action is also called a G-manifold.
Information geometryInformation geometry is an interdisciplinary field that applies the techniques of differential geometry to study probability theory and statistics. It studies statistical manifolds, which are Riemannian manifolds whose points correspond to probability distributions. Historically, information geometry can be traced back to the work of C. R. Rao, who was the first to treat the Fisher matrix as a Riemannian metric. The modern theory is largely due to Shun'ichi Amari, whose work has been greatly influential on the development of the field.
Fisher information metricIn information geometry, the Fisher information metric is a particular Riemannian metric which can be defined on a smooth statistical manifold, i.e., a smooth manifold whose points are probability measures defined on a common probability space. It can be used to calculate the informational difference between measurements. The metric is interesting in several respects. By Chentsov’s theorem, the Fisher information metric on statistical models is the only Riemannian metric (up to rescaling) that is invariant under sufficient statistics.
HypocycloïdeUne hypocycloïde est une courbe plane transcendante, trajectoire d'un point fixé à un cercle qui roule sans glisser sur un autre cercle dit directeur et à l'intérieur de celui-ci. Il s'agit donc d'un cas particulier de cycloïde à centre, qui est une catégorie de courbe cycloïdale. Le mot est une extension de cycloïde, inventé en 1599 par Galilée, et a la même étymologie : il vient du grec hupo (sous), kuklos (cercle, roue) et eidos (forme, « semblable à »).
Coordonnées normalesEn géométrie différentielle, les coordonnées normales d'un point p dans une variété différentielle munie d'une connexion affine symétrique sont un système de coordonnées locales au voisinage de p obtenu par une application exponentielle à l'espace tangent à p. Dans un système de coordonnées normales, les symboles de Christoffel de la connexion disparaissent au point p. En coordonnées normales, associées à une connexion de Levi-Civita d'une variété riemannienne, on peut en outre faire en sorte que le tenseur métrique soit le symbole de Kronecker au point p, et que les dérivées partielles premières de la métrique à p disparaissent.
Caustic (mathematics)In differential geometry, a caustic is the envelope of rays either reflected or refracted by a manifold. It is related to the concept of caustics in geometric optics. The ray's source may be a point (called the radiant) or parallel rays from a point at infinity, in which case a direction vector of the rays must be specified. More generally, especially as applied to symplectic geometry and singularity theory, a caustic is the critical value set of a Lagrangian mapping (π ○ i) : L ↪ M ↠ B; where i : L ↪ M is a Lagrangian immersion of a Lagrangian submanifold L into a symplectic manifold M, and π : M ↠ B is a Lagrangian fibration of the symplectic manifold M.
