Constante d'équilibre

En chimie, une constante d'équilibre caractérise l'état d'équilibre d'un système chimique. Elle est donc associée à un état du système qui ne peut pas évoluer de manière spontanée. La valeur de la constante d'équilibre dépend uniquement de la réaction chimique considérée et de la température. Les constantes d'équilibre sont généralement données à . Claude-Louis Berthollet fut le premier, en 1803, à comprendre que toute réaction chimique n'est pas totale. Dans son Essai de statique chimique, il écrivit la première formule permettant de définir a priori les quantités présentes à l'équilibre. C'est en observant les bords d'un « lac de natron » lors d'une expédition en Égypte avec Napoléon Bonaparte et Gaspard Monge qu'il arriva à cette conclusion, originale pour l'époque. Les bords du lac salé étaient couverts de carbonate de sodium. Il établit que les deux réactifs (du chlorure de sodium et du carbonate de calcium) réagissent aussi avec les produits de réaction. Définition

Metal flux through consuming interfaces in ligand mixtures: boundary conditions do not influence the lability and relative contributions of metal species

Davide Alemani

In a mixture of metal ions and complexes, it is difficult to predict ecological risk without understanding the contribution of each metal species to biouptake. For microorganisms, the rate of uptake (internalization flux) has not only a major influence on the total metal flux but also on the bioavailability of the various metal species and their relative contributions to the total flux. In this paper, the microorganism is considered as a consuming interface, which interacts with the metal ion, M, via the Michaelis-Menten boundary conditions. The contribution of each metal complex to the overall metal flux, in relation to its lability, is examined for a number of important boundary parameters (the equilibrium constant K-a of metal with transport sites, internalization rate constant k(int) and total transport sites concentration {R}(t)). Computations were performed for Cu(II) complexes, in a multicomponent culture medium for microoganisms. For a one-ligand system, results were acquired using rigorous mathematical expressions, whereas approximate expressions, based on the reaction layer approximation (RLA) and rigorous numerical computations (computer codes MHEDYN and FLUXY), were employed for ligand mixtures. Under the condition of ligand excess, as often found in the natural environment, the relative contribution of each metal species to the total flux is shown to be independent of the boundary conditions. This finding has important implications, including an improved basis for relating the analytical signals of dynamic metal speciation sensors to metal bioavailability.

2011

Selective three-phase hydrogenation of aromatic nitro-compounds over beta-molybdenum nitride

Fernando Cardenas Lizana, Lioubov Kiwi, Daniel André Samuel Lamey

A tetragonal molybdenum nitride (beta-Mo2N) has been prepared by temperature programmed treatment of MoO3 in flowing N-2 + H-2 and for the first time shown to catalyze the liquid phase selective hydrogenation (T = 423 K; P-H2 = 11 bar) of a series of para-substituted (-H, -OH, -O-CH3, -CH3, -Cl, -I and -NO2) nitrobenzenes to give the corresponding aromatic amine. Reaction over Pd/Al2O3, as a benchmark catalyst (Pd particle size ca. 18 nm), resulted in a composite hydrodechlorination/hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (as a representative nitroarene) to generate nitrobenzene and aniline. beta-Mo2N has been characterized in terms of temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), H-2 chemisorption/temperature programmed desorption (TPD), BET surface area/pore volume, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electronic microscopy. Elemental analysis, XRD, SEM and TEM have confirmed the formation of tetragonal beta-Mo2N, characterized by an agglomeration of flake-like crystallites. Post-synthesis, the nitride was passivated by contact with 1% (v/v) O-2/He at ambient temperature and XPS analysis has demonstrated the formation of a superficial passivating oxide overlayer without bulk oxidation. Pre-reaction, activation by TPR to 673 K was necessary to remove the passivating film. Hydrogen TPD has revealed significant hydrogen uptake (0.7 mu mol m(-2)) associated with beta-Mo2N. Nitro group reduction kinetics have been subjected to a Hammett treatment where the reaction constant (p = 0 4) is diagnostic of an increase in rate due to the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the aromatic ring, consistent with a nucleophilic mechanism. The results presented in this study establish the viability of beta-Mo2N to promote selective nitroarene hydrogenation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

2011

Selective three-phase hydrogenation of aromatic nitro-compounds over beta-molybdenum nitride

Fernando Cardenas Lizana, Lioubov Kiwi, Daniel André Samuel Lamey

2011

Statistical study of the errors arising from plasma reconstruction using inverse equilibrium for the TCV tokamak

Metal flux through consuming interfaces in ligand mixtures: boundary conditions do not influence the lability and relative contributions of metal species

Selective three-phase hydrogenation of aromatic nitro-compounds over beta-molybdenum nitride

Metal flux through consuming interfaces in ligand mixtures: boundary conditions do not influence the lability and relative contributions of metal species

Selective three-phase hydrogenation of aromatic nitro-compounds over beta-molybdenum nitride

Statistical study of the errors arising from plasma reconstruction using inverse equilibrium for the TCV tokamak