Route pour automobiles

Résumé

Une route à accès réglementé ou route pour automobiles est, au même titre qu'une autoroute, une route réservée aux véhicules motorisés suffisamment rapides. D'après la Convention de Vienne sur la circulation routière, la conduite sur route pour automobile est généralement soumise à des règles similaires à la conduite sur autoroute. En Europe En Europe, les routes à accès réglementé sont signalées par un panneau rectangulaire faisant apparaître une voiture sur fond vert ou bleu. La fin de route est signalé par le même symbole barré. Zeichen 331 - Kraftfahrstraße (600x600); StVO 1992.svg|[[Allemagne]] Autostraße.png|[[Autriche]] Belgian road sign F9.svg|[[Belgique]] Denmark road sign E43.svg|[[Danemark]] Spain traffic signal s3.svg|[[Espagne]] Finland road sign E17.svg|[[Finlande]] France_road_sign_C107.svg|[[France]] Greek-Road-sign-p26.svg|[[Grèce]] Hungary road sign E-018.svg|[[Hongrie]] Italian traffic signs - strada riservata ai veicoli a motore.svg|[[Italie]] NO ro

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_pour_automobiles

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Séances de cours associées

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, ,

Walking is often absent from the curriculum of architects or civil engineers, who are ultimately responsible for designing urban space which may or may not be favourable to walking. There is therefore a need for courses to help future architects and engineers integrate walking into their thinking about public space. We describe an innovative, full-time, one-week interactive seminar including observation and qualitative interviewing as well as statistical and spatial analysis, given in 2015 and 2016. Each time, around 30 second-year students attended, in groups of 5-6 who were given pre-defined topics. The course is built around fieldwork in a mainly working-class area surrounding the EPFL University campus (8.3 km2, 23'000 inhabitants) that includes council homes, industrial estates, schools, playing fields, shopping malls, motorways and railways. It also has a partly renatured river and limited access to Lake Geneva. The course management team associates teachers and researchers from urban studies, transportation science, architecture, geography and sociology. This contribution describes how the idea of a full week on walking emerged from a general course on urban space, how the week was organised, what type of students participated and what they produced. Emphasis is placed on the evolution from 2015 to 2016, when consultants with specific sensory handicaps were integrated into the team. Practical and pedagogical challenges – and solutions – are reviewed. Recommendations are made for applying similar concepts in other settings.

2017

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Operational snowcover simulations with avalanche dynamics calculations coupling to assess avalanche danger in high altitude mining operations

Nander Wever

The Codelco Andina copper mine is operating in high alpine terrain where avalanches pose a threat to the operations and the infrastructure. A dedicated avalanche warning service is responsible for opening and closing the heavily used access road. To support their decision making process, a system is developed in which numerical snowpack modelling is coupled to avalanche dynamics simulations to assess avalanche risks. The primary system output is an assessment of snow cover stability as well as avalanche size and runout. Based on measurements from automatic weather stations, the temporal evolution of the snowpack is simulated using the SNOWPACK model. This model is run within the spatially explicit Alpine3D tool, taking into account the radiation budget in complex terrain. The SNOWPACK model provides snowpack stability estimates and, based on the weak layer depth, potential fracture depths and snowpack properties of the slab. For example, for wet snow avalanches, which is the major threat in the mine, the simulations indicate if water is accumulating at layer boundaries inside the snowpack. The model accumulation depth defines the potential fracture height. This information is displayed on maps, but is also directly used to provide the initial conditions for the avalanche dynamics model RAMMS for predetermined avalanche paths. The properties of the entrained snow, which we show is also an important factor to determine avalanche runout, are also provided by the Alpine3D simulations. The system in which real-time snow cover simulations are combined with avalanche dynamics simulations is a novel approach to provide avalanche forecasters with a new source of objective information to aid the avalanche risk assessment

2016

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Modelling wet snow avalanche runout to assess road safety at a high-altitude mine in the central Andes

Nander Wever

Mining activities in cold regions are vulnerable to snow avalanches. Unlike operational facilities, which can be constructed in secure locations outside the reach of avalanches, access roads are often susceptible to being cut, leading to mine closures and significant financial losses. In this paper we discuss the application of avalanche runout modelling to predict the operational risk to mining roads, a long-standing problem for mines in high-altitude, snowy regions. We study the 35 km long road located in the “Cajón del rio Blanco” valley in the central Andes, which is operated by the Codelco Andina copper mine. In winter and early spring, this road is threatened by over 100 avalanche paths. If the release and snow cover conditions can be accurately specified, we find that avalanche dynamics modelling is able to represent runout, and safe traffic zones can be identified. We apply a detailed, physics-based snow cover model to calculate snow temperature, density and moisture content in three-dimensional terrain. This information is used to determine the initial and boundary conditions of the avalanche dynamics model. Of particular importance is the assessment of the current snow conditions along the avalanche tracks, which define the mass and thermal energy entrainment rates and therefore the possibility of avalanche growth and long runout distances.

Copernicus GmbH2016

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