ComityIn law, comity is "a practice among different political entities (as countries, states, or courts of different jurisdictions)" involving the "mutual recognition of legislative, executive, and judicial acts." Comity derives from the Latin cōmitās, courtesy, from cōmis, friendly, courteous. Enforcement of foreign judgments The doctrine of international comity has been described variously "as a choice-of-law principle, a synonym for private international law, a rule of public international law, a moral obligation, expediency, courtesy, reciprocity, utility, or diplomacy.
Subject-matter jurisdictionSubject-matter jurisdiction, also called jurisdiction ratione materiae, is a legal doctrine holding that a court can only hear and decide cases of a particular type (i.e., cases relating to a specific subject matter). The subject matter jurisdiction of a court may be described as either limited jurisdiction, meaning it is able to hear only certain types of cases, or general jurisdiction, meaning it is presumed able to hear and decide all types of cases. For instance, a bankruptcy court only has the authority to hear bankruptcy cases.
Jugement (droit)Un jugement est une décision du pouvoir judiciaire. Jugement en droit français Un jugement est une décision juridictionnelle. La décision peut relever, par exemple, d'une question criminelle ou pénale contre une ou plusieurs personnes déclarées coupables à l'issue d'un procès, ou régler un litige en matière civile. Le jugement est définitif et acquiert la force de la chose jugée lorsque tous les recours ont été épuisés ou leur délai dépassé.
Personal jurisdictionPersonal jurisdiction is a court's jurisdiction over the parties, as determined by the facts in evidence, which bind the parties to a lawsuit, as opposed to subject-matter jurisdiction, which is jurisdiction over the law involved in the suit. Without personal jurisdiction over a party, a court's rulings or decrees cannot be enforced upon that party, except by comity; i.e., to the extent that the sovereign which has jurisdiction over the party allows the court to enforce them upon that party.
InjunctionAn injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a special court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts. "When a court employs the extraordinary remedy of injunction, it directs the conduct of a party, and does so with the backing of its full coercive powers." A party that fails to comply with an injunction faces criminal or civil penalties, including possible monetary sanctions and even imprisonment. They can also be charged with contempt of court.
In personamIn personam is a Latin phrase meaning "against a particular person". In a lawsuit in which the case is against a specific individual, that person must be served with a summons and complaint (in England & Wales known as Particulars of Claim (CPR 1999)) to give the court jurisdiction to try the case, and the judgment applies to that person and is called an "in personam judgment". In personam is distinguished from in rem, which applies to property or "all the world" instead of a specific person.
Partie civileLa définition précise de la notion de demandeur ou de partie civile est susceptible de varier en fonction du droit de chaque pays. En droit québécois, la notion de « partie civile » n'est pas usitée, contrairement à celle de « demandeur ». Le demandeur (ou la partie demanderesse) est celui qui a déposé une demande introductive d'instance lors d'une instance civile.
Original jurisdictionIn common law legal systems, original jurisdiction of a court is the power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, when a higher court has the power to review a lower court's decision. In India, the Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to all cases between the Government of India and the States of India or between Government of India and states on one side and one or more states on the other side or cases between different states.
Territoirevignette|Territorium Argentoratense, carte de Strasbourg, XVIIe siècle. Le terme territoire est polysémique : il renvoie à des significations variées qui dépendent de l'angle d'approche, des disciplines et de l'époque, telles qu'en biologie comportementale. En géographie plus particulièrement, la notion de territoire a pris une importance croissante, notamment en géographie humaine et géographie politique. Le géographe Claude Raffestin définit le territoire comme .
Judiciary Act of 1789The Judiciary Act of 1789 (ch. 20, ) was a United States federal statute enacted on September 24, 1789, during the first session of the First United States Congress. It established the federal judiciary of the United States. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution prescribed that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior Courts" as Congress saw fit to establish. It made no provision for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
