The B Reactor at the Hanford Site, near Richland, Washington, was the first large-scale nuclear reactor ever built. The project was a key part of the Manhattan Project, the United States nuclear weapons development program during World War II. Its purpose was to convert natural (not isotopically enriched) uranium metal into plutonium-239 by neutron activation, as plutonium is simpler to chemically separate from spent fuel assemblies, for use in nuclear weapons, than it is to isotopically enrich uranium into weapon-grade material. The B reactor was fueled with metallic natural uranium, graphite moderated, and water-cooled. It has been designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark since August 19, 2008 and in July 2011 the National Park Service recommended that the B Reactor be included in the Manhattan Project National Historical Park commemorating the Manhattan Project. Visitors can take a tour of the reactor by advance reservation.
The reactor was designed and built by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company based on experimental designs tested by Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago, and tests from the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It was designed to operate at 250 megawatts (thermal).
The purpose of the reactor was to breed plutonium from natural (not isotopically enriched) uranium metal, as uranium enrichment was a difficult process, while plutonium is relatively simple to process chemically. The Y12 uranium enrichment plant required 14,700 tons of silver for its enrichment calutrons, as well as 22,000 employees and more electrical power than most entire states required at the time. Reactor B required only a few dozen employees and fewer exotic materials, which were also required in far smaller amounts. The largest part of the reactor was 1200 tons of graphite used as a moderator, and its power consumption was vastly smaller, requiring only enough electricity to run the cooling pumps.
The reactor occupies a footprint of (about and is tall, occupying a volume of .
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This course is intended to understand the engineering design of nuclear power plants using the basic principles of reactor physics, fluid flow and heat transfer. This course includes the following: Re
This course applies concepts from chemical kinetics and mass and energy balances to address chemical reaction engineering problems, with a focus on industrial applications. Students develop the abilit
Introduction to Chemical Engineering is an introductory course that provides a basic overview of the chemical engineering field. It addresses the formulation and solution of material and energy balanc
Le plutonium est l'élément chimique de symbole Pu et de numéro atomique 94. C'est un métal radioactif transuranien de la famille des actinides. Il se présente sous la forme d'un solide cristallisé dont les surfaces fraîches sont gris argenté mais se couvrent en quelques minutes, en présence d'humidité, d'une couche terne de couleur grise, tirant parfois sur le vert olive, constituée d'oxydes et d'hydrures ; l'accroissement de volume qui en résulte peut atteindre 70 % d'un bloc de plutonium pur, et la substance ainsi formée tend à se désagréger en une poudre pyrophorique.
vignette|278x278px|Les piles Windscale (au centre et à droite) en 1985. L'incendie de Windscale s'est produit le dans la première centrale nucléaire britannique (le site a ensuite été rebaptisé Sellafield). L'accident a été jugé de sur l'échelle INES. La centrale de Sellafield (anciennement Windscale) est située à proximité du village de Seascale, dans le comté de Cumbria sur la côte de la mer d'Irlande.
Le Réacteur graphite X-10 est un réacteur nucléaire déclassé du Laboratoire national d'Oak Ridge situé à Oak Ridge dans le Tennessee. D'abord connu sous les noms Clinton pile et X-10 pile, il est le deuxième réacteur nucléaire artificiel au monde et le premier conçu et construit pour fonctionner en continu. Il est construit pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans le cadre du Projet Manhattan et de l'Accord de Québec.
Learn the basics of plasma, one of the fundamental states of matter, and the different types of models used to describe it, including fluid and kinetic.
Learn the basics of plasma, one of the fundamental states of matter, and the different types of models used to describe it, including fluid and kinetic.
Introduit le génie nucléaire, couvrant les types de réacteurs, les composants et la thermodynamique, y compris les réacteurs à eau pressurisée et les réacteurs à eau bouillante.
The present doctoral work was performed to contribute to the conceptual design development and safety assessment of a Generation IV Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) in the frame of the European Sodium Fast Reactor Safety Measures Assessment and Research Tools (ES ...
EPFL2022
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Sunlight-powered catalytic conversion of CO2 and (green) H2 into fuels and chemicals via Sabatier and reverse water gas shift (RWGS) processes offers a promising solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase renewable energy utilization. The suc ...
ELSEVIER SCI LTD2023
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Noise measurements in light water reactor systems aid in generating validation data for integral point kinetic parameter predictions and generating monitoring parameters for reactor safety and safeguards. The CROCUS zero-power reactor has been used to supp ...