Regard (sciences sociales)

vignette|300px|Caricature montrant l'Oncle Sam faisant la leçon à quatre enfants étiquetés Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico et Cuba devant des enfants tenant des livres étiquetés de divers États américains. À l'arrière-plan, on voit un Amérindien tenant un livre à l'envers, un jeune Chinois à la porte et un jeune Noir nettoyant une fenêtre. En sociologie, le regard (parfois noté avec une majuscule : « Regard ») est la manière dont un individu ou un groupe d'individus (le « regardant ») perçoit et se représente son environnement et en particulier soi-même et les autres individus. Nombre de ces théories insistent sur la façon dont l'attitude du « regardant » ou même le seul fait d'être soumis au regard peut modifier le « regardé » Le thème du regard en psychologie, sociologie et dans ce qui est désigné dans le milieu académique anglo-saxon comme les cultural studies fut popularisé après que la philosophie postmoderne et les théories sociales furent introduites dans les années 1960 par Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Lacan et Michel Foucault. Le concept et les applications sociales du regard ont été définis et développés par les philosophies existentialistes et phénoménologique. Jean-Paul Sartre a décrit le regard (ou ) dans L'Être et le Néant (1943). Michel Foucault, dans Discipliner et punir : la naissance de la prison (1975) a développé le concept de regard pour illustrer la dynamique des relations de pouvoir socio-politiques et la dynamique sociale des mécanismes disciplinaires de la société. Jacques Derrida, dans L'animal qui donc je suis (Plus à venir) (1997), a développé les relations inter-espèces qui existent entre les êtres humains et les autres animaux, qui s'établissent par le biais du regard. il est par la suite popularisé dans les milieux académiques anglo-saxon comme les cultural studies. Le regard peut être compris en termes psychologiques : Dans Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture (2009), Marita Sturken et Lisa Cartwright ont déclaré que « le regard fait [conceptuellement] partie intégrante des systèmes de pouvoir et [des] idées sur la connaissance » ; que pratiquer le regard, c'est entrer dans une relation personnelle avec la personne regardée.

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The missing social instinct

Nicole Regula Zürcher Wimmer

Smooth social interactions in everyday life rely on spontaneous understanding of emotions and intentions of others, conveyed by subtle social cues, such as gaze and facial expressions. In individuals with autism, however, who represent close to 1% of the population, this effortless and spontaneous understanding is impaired, and atypical eye contact as well as difficulties in social interaction are central to the condition. A lack of social instinct has been suggested as the essence of this neurodevelopmental disorder. In this work, I investigated configural face processing, interactions of emotions and eye gaze direction as well as empathy for pain in high- functioning young adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral measures. I also conducted anatomical investigations of white matter in adolescents and adults with autism to investigate structural differences underlying socio-cognitive processing. Findings showed that individuals with ASD process faces in a qualitatively similar manner as controls, namely configurally, as a unified whole. Moreover, the results showed that when participants are explicitly cued to the eye region, activation of cortical areas involved in social and emotional aspects of face processing reaches levels comparable to those observed in controls. When confronted with quick social gaze cues signaling an environmental threat, however, participants with ASD failed to show activation in areas associated with social attention, including brain regions driving eye gaze and emotion processing as well as the attribution of mental states. In contrast, affective empathy, referring to emotional contagion that has us “feeling like others” is preserved in ASD when viewing facial expressions of physical pain in others. Cognitive empathy on the other hand, which is associated with the attribution of mental states to others as well as top-down regulation of emotional arousal, seems impaired in ASD. In addition, across experiments, direct eye contact led to hyperactivation of subcortical regions suggesting hyperarousal in response to direct gaze that could underlie gaze avoidance observed in autism. Finally, we observed signs of delayed maturation in white matter tracts involved in emotional face processing in adolescents with ASD, but not in adults, which could be related to the improvements often observed in social interactions as individuals with autism enter adulthood. The studies conducted here shed light onto neural processes underlying social cognition deficits in ASD and provide clues for improving behavioral therapies.

EPFL2012

Dual Eye-Tracking Methods for the Study of Remote Collaborative Problem Solving

Marc-Antoine Nüssli

Applied eye-tracking has been extensively used for the study of psychological processes. More recently, some researchers have used this technique to study the interaction between people by tracking and analyzing eye-movements of two persons synchronously. However, this is generally accomplished by observing people in simple controlled settings. In this thesis, we use a similar methodology, dual eye-tracking, to study people in more natural, semantically richer, tasks with the aim of identifying dual eye-movement patterns which reflect collaborative processes. Eye-tracking, and more globally eye-movements analyses, is a complex domain involving several methodological issues, which have not yet been satisfactorily solved. This work is also an attempt to offer solutions to several of these issues. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the improvement of the methodology of eye-tracking data analysis. We present several developments pertaining to the general methodology of eye-tracking. More specifically, we identify problems and offer solutions to the following aspects: fixation identification, systematic position errors correction and hit detection. We also tackle more specific questions concerning the method dual eye-tracking. We present issues that arise in dual eye-tracking data collection and analysis and propose some solutions. On the technical side, we deal with the question of the synchronous recording of two streams of eye-movements and on the analytical side, we extend gaze cross-recurrence, a measure of eye-movements coupling, to complex realistic collaborative tasks. The second part is devoted to experimental studies of collaboration through the use of dual eye-tracking methods. We first present four exploratory studies which allowed us to set up the stage by identifying interesting phenomena and experimental difficulties. The main results of these experiments revolve around the relationship between gaze and speech. In these respects, we extended some results found in the literature to more natural settings and we developed a computational model to make actual predictions about dialogue and visual references. Finally, the main study of this thesis is about computer program understanding. This study is composed of two experiments: a solo programming experiment, from which we identified gaze patterns of a single programmer and a pair-programming task in which we explored how gaze patterns during program comprehension are affected by collaboration.

EPFL2011

La création d'une japonité moderne (1870-1940), ou Le regard des architectes européens sur le Japon

Irène Elizabeth Vogel Chevroulet

This thesis questions the fundamentals and modes characterising the European architects' way of looking at Japanese architecture and garden art between 1870 and 1940. It establishes the corpus of the major writings and of other texts published by their Occidental and Japanese contemporaries in English, French and German. We analyse the writings' major issues, outstanding specifics and realisations. We detect and describe the creation of a modern Japan-ness through the writings of four major protagonists. Firstly, Josiah Conder was professor of Architectural History and Theory at Tokyo Imperial College and later considered as the "father of modern architecture" in Japan. We discuss his articles and books, published between 1877 and 1893, as being inaugural as well as forerunners of Japan-ness. Between 1903 and 1910, the architect Chûta Itô and the art historian Kakuzô Okakura gave its premises in their publications. The engineer Franz Baltzer as well as the architects Ralph A. Cram and Frank Lloyd Wright confirmed some of these ideas in their books published between 1903 and 1912. Secondly, we study writings from an architect who never traveled to Japan : Robert Mallet-Stevens. His articles, written in France from 1911 et 1913, were an indirect reference to Conder's articles. Thirdly, we analyse the theoretical and innovative works published by Bruno Taut between 1924 and 1937. We look at the way in which he valued and consolidated an intercultural Japan-ness. We question the existence of a Japan-ness in garden arts' writings. We establish how his contemporaries spread Japan-ness specificities : the architects Wajiro Kon, Kôji Fujii, Tetsuro Yoshida, Sutemi Horiguchi, Wells Coates, Richard Neutra and Antonin Raymond, the art historian Jirô Harada, the landscape designers – Tsuyoshi Tamura, Percy. S. Cane et Christopher Tunnard –, and the writer Jun'ichiro Tanizaki. We identify which specificities had already been defined by Itô, Kon and Horiguchi before Taut validation. Fourthly, Charlotte Perriand confirmed this established modern Japan-ness as a source of inspiration with her notes taken during her stay in Japan between 1940 and 1941. The thesis chronicles the impact of her notes onto some of her realisations in Japan and later in France. Thanks to this comparative analysis of texts, the thesis argues that the European gaze towards Japan is reflecting its preoccupations towards justifications for its own architectural development. This gaze is also orientated by the interests of the Japanese themselves. These are looking for an international recognition of their traditional architecture. We describe then how Japan-ness is created through writings and how it works as an appropriation of modernity enabling Japanese architecture to step in an avant-garde role. This creation follows two stages. The first one is a process of distinction from Asian architecture by identification and reinforcement of Japanese specifics. At its core lies the discourse upon the differences of the Japanese shintoist and zen soul. The second one is a process of sorting out common specificities with Western avant-garde ones. This time, the discourse concerns abstract similarities. The whole set of Japan-ness specificities defines an intercultural architecture which distinguishes itself both from Japonisme and from Occidentalisme. Lastly, the results show the profits gained by this European gaze and taken into account in their own architecture.

EPFL2009

Scopophobie

La scopophobie, ou scoptophobie (du grec σκοπέω - skopeō, , et φόβος - phobos, ), est un trouble anxieux caractérisé par une crainte morbide d'être vu ou observé par les autres. Elle est liée à l'ophthalmophobie (du grec ὀφθαλμός- ophthalmos, ). La scopophobie peut être associée à une peur pathologique d'attirer l'attention sur soi. Les phobies ont été étudiées durant des siècles. Le concept des phobies sociales remonte à 400 av. J-C.

Regard (sciences sociales)

Regard masculin

alt=mannequin portant un bikini de métal.|vignette|redresse=1.5|Le costume d'esclave de Leia Organa dans Star Wars, épisode VI : Le Retour du Jedi est considéré comme un exemple de regard masculin. Le 'regard masculin', également appelé vision masculine ou male gaze, est un concept postulant que la culture visuelle dominante (photographie, cinéma, publicité, jeu vidéo, bande dessinée, etc.) impose une perspective d'homme cisgenre hétérosexuel.

Artificial intelligence, big data, and advances in computing power have triggered a technological revolution that may have enormous bearing on the workplace and the labor market. This course provides

To train painting we must, first and foremost, train our gaze and our eyes to select, focus, caress, become inflamed. Learning to draw or paint means learning to see, to discover the physical porosity

Instructional Design with Orchestration Graphs

Discover a visual language for designing pedagogical scenarios that integrate individual, team and class wide activities.

Instructional Design with Orchestration Graphs

Discover a visual language for designing pedagogical scenarios that integrate individual, team and class wide activities.

Explore l'utilisation d'extensions visuelles comme le RA et le RV en milieu de travail, en mettant l'accent sur leurs avantages, leurs défis et leur importance pour améliorer l'efficacité en milieu de travail.

S'engager dans la modélisation de l'apprenant, en soulignant l'importance de comprendre les comportements des élèves pour améliorer les activités d'apprentissage.

Explore la technologie de suivi des yeux, l'hypothèse des yeux et ses applications dans divers domaines.