Mécanique des fluides | EPFL Graph Search

La mécanique des fluides est un domaine de la physique consacré à l’étude du comportement des fluides (liquides, gaz et plasmas) et des forces internes associées. C’est une branche de la mécanique des milieux continus qui modélise la matière à l’aide de particules assez petites pour relever de l’analyse mathématique, mais assez grandes par rapport aux molécules pour être décrites par des fonctions continues. Elle comprend deux sous-domaines : la statique des fluides, qui est l’étude des fluides au repos, et la dynamique des fluides, qui est l’étude des fluides en mouvement. Historique Principales branches Statique des fluides Hydrostatique L'hydrostatique, ou statique des fluides, est l'étude des fluides immobiles. Ce domaine a de nombreuses applications comme la mesure de pression et de masse volumique. Elle offre des explications physiques à de nombreux phénomènes de la vie quotidienne, comme la poussée d’Archimède ou les raisons pour lesquelles

Fluid mechanics of intrathecal drug delivery

Radboud Michael Nelissen

The aim of this principally experimental study is to understand from fluid mechanic principles why an insignificant anesthetic dose administered as a short bolus into the cerebrospinal fluid inside the subarachnoid space provides greater pain relief than a larger dose continuously injected over a longer period. The subarachnoid space is modeled as an annular gap of constant or slowly varying cross section into which a catheter is introduced. The cerebrospinal fluid is replaced by water of 37°C which has very similar properties. This fluid in the annular gap is subjected to oscillations of amplitude and frequency (heart frequency) typically found in the subarachnoid space. The anesthetic is replaced by a fluorescent dye injected through the catheter. To study its dispersion, we have developed a 400 Hz laser scanning setup with which we perform quasi-instantaneous, quantitative 3D laser induced fluorescence (LIF) as well as 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experiments are supplemented by an analytical axi-symmetric model as well as an exploratory numerical model to help interpret the results. The study has identified steady streaming (a nonlinear effect associated with the fluid oscillation) and enhanced diffusion (an effect associated with oscillating shear flow) as the principal agents of dye (anesthetic) dispersion. Besides the slowly varying cross section, the catheter tip has been identified as an important cause for steady streaming. In an attempt to identify optimal injection parameters of use for clinicians, a rough parametric model of the primary factors influencing drug spread (fluid oscillation frequency and amplitude, geometry, and injection rate) has been constructed.

EPFL2008

Mass transport of water vapor and ions from Å-scale graphene nanopores

Wan-Chi Lee

Hydrodynamics at the nanoscale involves both fundamental study and application of fluid and mass transport phenomena in nanometer-sized confinements. Nanopores in single-layer graphene can be highly attractive for exploring the molecular transport of gas and water molecules and hydrated ions at the ultimate scales of pore size and pore length. However, the experimental data is limited, and the state-of-the-art artificial nanopores still underperform compared to biological channels in cellular membranes. This dissertation focuses on developing ultimate graphene nanopore devices to study mass transport phenomena under controlled spatial confinement. We first investigated the kinetics of liquidâvapor transport from nanoscale confinements which is attractive for novel evaporation and separation applications; however, it is not explored at the ultimate confinement limit, i.e., at the atomic-thick and Ã-scale nanopore placed at the liquidâvapor interface. We show that the evaporation flux from such nanopores increases with decreasing pore size by up to one order of magnitude relative to the bare liquidâvapor interface. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that oxygen-functionalized nanopores render rapid rotational and translational dynamics to water molecules by reducing and shortening the lifetime of waterâwater hydrogen bonds. Graphene nanopores also enable the study of ion transport across sub-nanometer-scale 2D confinements. We produce tailor-made nanopores approaching the size of hydrated ions by decoupling the pore nucleation and expansion. Monovalent metal ions are efficiently sieved from divalent ions, with K+/Mg2+ selectivity up to 70 and Li+/Mg2+ selectivity up to 50, corresponding to a sieving resolution of 1 Ã. Mitigating the non-selective pore formation further enhance the ion-sieving performance, reaching K+/Mg2+ selectivity up to 350 and Li+/Mg2+ selectivity up to 260. The pore size and structure allow adjusting the diffusion of ions across the nanopores, suggesting that the sterically induced partial dehydration process may play an important role in the observed cation selectivities. These selectivities were realized from centimeter-scale suspended graphene membranes, prepared in crack-free fashion by using dual layer reinforcement strategy where the first layer is 200-nm-thick nanoporous carbon (NPC) film hosting 20 nm pores which ensures a conformal contact and reinforcement of the graphene film and the second (top) layer is Nafion.Finally, a dual layer reinforcement is also demonstrated for preparing crack-free centimeter-scale gas separation membranes to utilize the full potential of graphene nanopores for energy-efficient applications. The bottom layer of the composite film is NPC film while the top layer is made of a 500-nm thick multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) film with a pore size ranging from 200 to 300 nm. The obtained selectivities from crack-free centimeter-scale graphene membranes for H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 are 11â23 and 5â8, respectively, which is significantly higher than the corresponding Knudsen selectivities. Overall, this dissertation presents a graphene nanopore toolkit for studying fluid mechanics at the ultimate scales. The findings of enhanced water evaporation rate and ion selectivity using the nanopore platform could enrich our understanding of mass transport under extreme confinement and open new opportunities for a range of separation applications.

EPFL2022

Multi-level preconditioner for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in hemodynamics applications

Dana Christen

We present a multi-level algorithm to approximate the inverse of the fluid block in a Navier-Stokes saddle-point matrix where the coarse level is defined as a restriction of the degrees of freedom to those of lower order finite elements. A one-level scheme involving P1 and P2 finite elements is studied in details and several transfer operators are compared by means of two reference problems. Numerical results show that restriction and prolongation operators based on L2 projection lead to faster GMRES convergence of the fluid part, for all the examined combinations of mesh size, time step and Reynolds number.

2013

Mass transport of water vapor and ions from Å-scale graphene nanopores

Wan-Chi Lee

EPFL2022