Concept
Demi-groupe
Concepts associés (51)
Monoïde des traces
En mathématiques et en informatique, une trace est un ensemble de mots, où certaines lettres peuvent commuter, et d'autres non. Le monoïde des traces ou monoïde partiellement commutatif libre est le monoïde quotient du monoïde libre par une relation de commutation de lettres. Le monoïde des traces est donc une structure qui se situe entre le monoïde libre et le monoïde commutatif libre. L'intérêt mathématique du monoïde des traces a été mis en évidence dans l'ouvrage fondateur .
Centralisateur
En mathématiques, et plus précisément en théorie des groupes, le centralisateur d'une partie X d'un groupe G est le sous-groupe de G formé par les éléments de G qui commutent avec tout élément de X. Soient G un groupe et x un élément de G. Le centralisateur de x dans G, noté CG(x) (ou C(x) si le contexte n'est pas ambigu) est, par définition, l'ensemble des éléments de G qui commutent avec x. Cet ensemble est un sous-groupe de G.
Langage de Dyck
En informatique théorique, et plus spécialement en théorie des langages, les langages de Dyck sont des langages formels particuliers. Un langage de Dyck est l'ensemble des mots bien parenthésés, sur un alphabet fini de parenthèses ouvrantes et fermantes. Par exemple, sur la paire de parenthèses formée de '(' et ')', le mot '(())()' est un mot bien parenthésé, alors que le mot '())(' ne l'est pas. Les langages de Dyck jouent un rôle important en informatique théorique pour caractériser les langages algébriques.
Trivial semigroup
In mathematics, a trivial semigroup (a semigroup with one element) is a semigroup for which the cardinality of the underlying set is one. The number of distinct nonisomorphic semigroups with one element is one. If S = { a } is a semigroup with one element, then the Cayley table of S is {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! a |- | a | a |} The only element in S is the zero element 0 of S and is also the identity element 1 of S. However not all semigroup theorists consider the unique element in a semigroup with one element as the zero element of the semigroup.
Empty semigroup
In mathematics, a semigroup with no elements (the empty semigroup) is a semigroup in which the underlying set is the empty set. Many authors do not admit the existence of such a semigroup. For them a semigroup is by definition a non-empty set together with an associative binary operation. However not all authors insist on the underlying set of a semigroup being non-empty. One can logically define a semigroup in which the underlying set S is empty. The binary operation in the semigroup is the empty function from S × S to S.
Semiautomaton
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a semiautomaton is a deterministic finite automaton having inputs but no output. It consists of a set Q of states, a set Σ called the input alphabet, and a function T: Q × Σ → Q called the transition function. Associated with any semiautomaton is a monoid called the characteristic monoid, input monoid, transition monoid or transition system of the semiautomaton, which acts on the set of states Q.
Monogenic semigroup
In mathematics, a monogenic semigroup is a semigroup generated by a single element. Monogenic semigroups are also called cyclic semigroups. The monogenic semigroup generated by the singleton set {a} is denoted by . The set of elements of is {a, a2, a3, ...}. There are two possibilities for the monogenic semigroup : am = an ⇒ m = n. There exist m ≠ n such that am = an. In the former case is isomorphic to the semigroup ({1, 2, ...}, +) of natural numbers under addition.
Semigroup with two elements
In mathematics, a semigroup with two elements is a semigroup for which the cardinality of the underlying set is two. There are exactly five nonisomorphic semigroups having two elements: O2, the null semigroup of order two, LO2, the left zero semigroup of order two, RO2, the right zero semigroup of order two, ({0,1}, ∧) (where "∧" is the logical connective "and"), or equivalently the set {0,1} under multiplication: the only semilattice with two elements and the only non-null semigroup with zero of order two, also a monoid, and ultimately the two-element Boolean algebra, (Z2, +2) (where Z2 = {0,1} and "+2" is "addition modulo 2"), or equivalently ({0,1}, ⊕) (where "⊕" is the logical connective "xor"), or equivalently the set {−1,1} under multiplication: the only group of order two.
Cancellative semigroup
In mathematics, a cancellative semigroup (also called a cancellation semigroup) is a semigroup having the cancellation property. In intuitive terms, the cancellation property asserts that from an equality of the form a·b = a·c, where · is a binary operation, one can cancel the element a and deduce the equality b = c. In this case the element being cancelled out is appearing as the left factors of a·b and a·c and hence it is a case of the left cancellation property. The right cancellation property can be defined analogously.
N-ary group
In mathematics, and in particular universal algebra, the concept of an n-ary group (also called n-group or multiary group) is a generalization of the concept of a group to a set G with an n-ary operation instead of a binary operation. By an n-ary operation is meant any map f: Gn → G from the n-th Cartesian power of G to G. The axioms for an n-ary group are defined in such a way that they reduce to those of a group in the case n = 2.