Polynôme formel

Résumé

En algèbre, le terme de polynôme formel, ou simplement polynôme, est le nom générique donné aux éléments d'une structure construite à partir d'un ensemble de nombres. On considère un ensemble A de nombres, qui peut être celui des entiers ou des réels, et on lui adjoint un élément X, appelé indéterminée. La structure est constituée par les nombres, le polynôme X, les puissances de X multipliées par un nombre, aussi appelés monômes (de la forme aX), ainsi que les sommes de monômes. La structure est généralement notée A[X]. Les règles de notation de l'addition et de la multiplication ne sont pas modifiées dans la nouvelle structure, ainsi X + X est noté 2.X, ou encore X.X est noté X. Des exemples de polynômes formels sont : X^2 + 2X + 1,\quad 3X^3 + 4X + 5. L'ensemble A, utilisé pour bâtir la structure A[X], peut être composé de nombres, mais ce n'est pas indispensable. On lui demande seulement de supporter deux opérations : l'addition et la multiplication. Si ces

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyn%C3%B4me_formel

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Vinberg's theta-groups in positive characteristic and Kostant-Weierstrass slices

We generalize the basic results of Vinberg's theta-groups, or periodically graded reductive Lie algebras, to fields of good positive characteristic. To this end we clarify the relationship between the little Weyl group and the (standard) Weyl group. We deduce that the ring of invariants associated to the grading is a polynomial ring. This approach allows us to prove the existence of a KW-section for a classical graded Lie algebra (in zero or odd positive characteristic), confirming a conjecture of Popov in this case.

Birkhäuser-Verlag, Springer2009

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Arithmetic Bounds-Lenstra's Constant and Torsion of K-Groups

Julien Houriet

This thesis is concerned with computations of bounds for two different arithmetic invariants. In both cases it is done with the intention of proving some algebraic or arithmetic properties for number fields. The first part is devoted to computations of lower bounds for the Lenstra's constant. For a number field K the Lenstra's constant is denoted Λ(K) and defined as the length of the largest exceptional sequence in K. An exceptional sequence is a set of units in K such that for any two among them their difference is a unit as well. H.W. Lenstra showed that if Λ(K) is large enough – bigger than a constant depending on the degree and the discriminant of K – then the ring of integers of K is Euclidean with respect to the norm. Using computer software PARI/GP and some algorithms from graph theory we construct exceptional sequences in number fields having a small discriminant. These exceptional sequences yield lower bounds for Lenstra's constant which are large enough to prove the existence of 42 new Euclidean number fields of degree 8 to 12. The aim of the second part of this thesis is proving upper bounds for the torsion part of the K-groups of a number field ring of integers. A method due to C. Soulé yields bounds for the torsion of these K-groups depending on an invariant of hermitian lattices over number fields. Firstly we describe some properties of rank one hermitian lattices, especially of ideal lattices. Secondly we apply these properties to arbitrary rank hermitian lattices and this implies a significant improvement of the upper bounds for their invariants and accordingly for the torsion of K-groups. The progress mainly achieves much lower contributions of the number field attributes, particularly the degree and the absolute discriminant.

EPFL2010

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We present polynomial families complete for the well-studied algebraic complexity classes VF, VBP, VP, and VNP. The polynomial families are based on the homomorphism polynomials studied in the recent works of Durand et al. (2014) and Mahajan et al. (2018). We consider three different variants of graph homomorphisms, namely injective homomorphisms, directed homomorphisms, and injective directed homomorphisms, and obtain polynomial families complete for VF, VBP, VP, and VNP under each one of these. The polynomial families have the following properties: The polynomial families complete for VF, VBP, and VP are model independent, i.e., they do not use a particular instance of a formula, algebraic branching programs, or circuit for characterising VF, VBP, or VP, respectively. All the polynomial families are hard under p-projections.

ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY2021

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