Double negation

In propositional logic, double negation is the theorem that states that "If a statement is true, then it is not the case that the statement is not true." This is expressed by saying that a proposition A is logically equivalent to not (not-A), or by the formula A ≡ ~(~A) where the sign ≡ expresses logical equivalence and the sign ~ expresses negation. Like the law of the excluded middle, this principle is considered to be a law of thought in classical logic, but it is disallowed by intuitionistic logic. The principle was stated as a theorem of propositional logic by Russell and Whitehead in Principia Mathematica as: "This is the principle of double negation, i.e. a proposition is equivalent of the falsehood of its negation." Double negation elimination and double negation introduction are two valid rules of replacement. They are the inferences that, if not not-A is true, then A is true, and its converse, that, if A is true, then not not-A is true, respectively. The rule allows one to introduce or eliminate a negation from a formal proof. The rule is based on the equivalence of, for example, It is false that it is not raining. and It is raining. The double negation introduction rule is: P P and the double negation elimination rule is: P P Where "" is a metalogical symbol representing "can be replaced in a proof with." In logics that have both rules, negation is an involution. The double negation introduction rule may be written in sequent notation: The double negation elimination rule may be written as: In rule form: and or as a tautology (plain propositional calculus sentence): and These can be combined into a single biconditional formula: Since biconditionality is an equivalence relation, any instance of ¬¬A in a well-formed formula can be replaced by A, leaving unchanged the truth-value of the well-formed formula. Double negative elimination is a theorem of classical logic, but not of weaker logics such as intuitionistic logic and minimal logic. Double negation introduction is a theorem of both intuitionistic logic and minimal logic, as is .

Modeling the Impact of Modifiers on Emotional Statements

Pearl Pu Faltings, Valentina Sintsova, Margarita Bolívar Jiménez

Humans use a variety of modifiers to enrich communications with one another. While this is a deliberate subtlety in our language, the presence of modifiers can cause problems for emotion analysis by machines. Our research objective is to understand and com ...

SPRINGER NATURE SWITZERLAND AG2018

Modeling the Impact of Modifiers on Emotional Statements

The creativity trap : semantic and pragmatic study of creative capitalism

Modeling the Impact of Modifiers on Emotional Statements

The creativity trap : semantic and pragmatic study of creative capitalism