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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of the bundle of rays that come to a focus in the . An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit the ray bundles (ray bundles are also known as pencils of light). These structures may be the edge of a lens or mirror, or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place, or may be a special element such as a diaphragm placed in the optical path to limit the light admitted by the system. In general, these structures are called stops, and the aperture stop is the stop that primarily determines the ray cone angle and brightness at the image point. In some contexts, especially in photography and astronomy, aperture refers to the diameter of the aperture stop rather than the physical stop or the opening itself. For example, in a telescope, the aperture stop is typically the edg

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MICRO-561: Biomicroscopy I

Introduction to geometrical and wave optics for understanding the principles of optical microscopes, their advantages and limitations. Describing the basic microscopy components and the commonly used biomicrocopy methods such as widefield and fluorescence.

MSE-637(b): Transmission electron microscopy and diffraction (b)

This intensive course is intended for researchers who envisage using transmission electron microscopy to study materials samples or to help them interpret TEM data in publications. It presents basics of TEM instrumentation, imaging, electron diffraction, specimen preparation and high-resolution TEM.

PHYS-405: Experimental methods in physics

The course's objectivs are: Learning several advenced methods in experimental physics, and critical reading of experimental papers.

A solvent- and vacuum-free route to large-area perovskite films for efficient solar modules

Yuhang Wang, Fei Ye

Recent advances in the use of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites for optoelectronics have been rapid, with reported power conversion efficiencies of up to 22 per cent for perovskite solar cells1-9. Improvements in stability have also enabled testing over a timescale of thousands of hours(10-14). However, large-scale deployment of such cells will also require the ability to produce large-area, uniformly high-quality perovskite films. A key challenge is to overcome the substantial reduction in power conversion efficiency when a small device is scaled up: a reduction from over 20 per cent to about 10 per cent is found(15-21) when a common aperture area of about 0.1 square centimetres is increased to more than 25 square centimetres. Here we report a new deposition route for methyl ammonium lead halide perovskite films that does not rely on use of a common solvent(1,2,4-15) or vacuum3: rather, it relies on the rapid conversion of amine complex precursors to perovskite films, followed by a pressure application step. The deposited perovskite films were free of pin-holes and highly uniform. Importantly, the new deposition approach can be performed in air at low temperatures, facilitating fabrication of large-area perovskite devices. We reached a certified power conversion efficiency of 12.1 per cent with an aperture area of 36.1 square centimetres for a mesoporous TiO2-based perovskite solar module architecture.

Nature Publishing Group2017

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Higher brightness beams from the SPS for the HL-LHC era

Francesco Maria Velotti

The need to push the LHC beyond its limits and increase the deliverable luminosity to the experiments by about one order of magnitude has driven the ongoing injector and HL-LHC upgrades. The higher luminosity requires to increase the beam brightness, which directly translates in the need to adapt the different machine protection systems. Among all the foreseen upgrades, the transfer line collimators (TCDI) and the LHC injection protection systems will be revised. In particular, the guaranteed protection is evaluated in this Ph D work, together with the specification for the minimum shielded aperture in case of injection failures. A detailed model is also developed which insures a more reliable and efficient procedure for the validation of the TCDI setup within the required accuracy. The physics beyond colliders will also be pushed over its current limits in the HL-LHC era. SHiP, a new proposed fixed target experiment served by the SPS is under study. The unprecedented level of requested protons on target per year needs an assessment of the present SPS slow extraction. The main performance limitation of this technique is the activation of the area surrounding the extraction elements due to losses. The possibilities to optimise the present slow extraction as well as new ideas are investigated in order to preserve today's performances while reducing the extraction losses.

EPFL2017

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On-chip extrusion of lipid vesicles and tubes through microsized apertures

Philippe Renaud

In this work we present the formation of micrometre-sized lipid vesicles and tubes with perfectly homogeneous diameter and extraordinary length. The method is a novel approach for unconventional fabrication of soft-matter microstructured devices based on the combination of top-down and bottom- up fabrication processes. Photolithography techniques are applied to fabricate microsized apertures that provide the requirements to form lipid structures with predictable size and to align and guide the vesicles and tubes in microstructured channels. The formation is facilitated by self-assembly of polar lipids to a lipid membrane that is afterwards forced to undergo a shape transformation by extrusion through a microsized aperture. Both the geometrical restriction by the small aperture and the pressure difference between the top and bottom sides of the aperture determine the form and length of the vesicles and tubes. A strong pressure difference favors the formation of lipid tubes, while a low pressure difference results in the formation of vesicle bunches with spherical and cylindrical shapes. Potential applications for the formed lipid structures could be as microreactors and transport channels as well as in the construction of flexible microfluidic networks.

2006

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Ouverture (photographie)

Photographie

vignette|Mère migrante (Migrant Mother), photographie de Dorothea Lange, 1936. thumb|redresse|Dali Atomicus, photographie de Philippe Halsman mettant en scène Salvador Dalí. vignette|Une photographie

Lentille optique

vignette|Une bougie se projetant sur une table par un presse-papier formant lentille. Une lentille optique est un composant fait d'un matériau généralement et transparent pour la lumière dans le doma