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Concept

Psychologie de la forme

La psychologie de la forme, théorie de la Gestalt ou gestaltisme (de l'allemand, Gestaltpsychologie) est une théorie psychologique et philosophique proposée au début du selon laquelle les processus de la perception et de la représentation mentale traitent les phénomènes comme des formes globales plutôt que comme l'addition ou la juxtaposition d'éléments simples. Elle se base sur trois postulats :

Les activités psychiques ont lieu dans un système complexe et ouvert, dans lequel chaque système partiel est déterminé par sa relation à ses méta-systèmes.

Un système se définit comme une unité dynamique à partir des relations entre ses éléments psychologiques.

Un système tend vers une harmonie entre toutes ses qualités pour permettre une perception ou conception concise et claire, la « bonne forme ».

Le gestaltisme est considéré comme une forme précoce et l'une des principales sources, avec la linguistique saussurienne, du courant intellectuel structuraliste qui se généralise au mil

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Grouping, pooling, and when bigger is better in visual crowding

Michael Herzog, Mauro Manassi, Bilge Sayim

In crowding, perception of a target is strongly deteriorated by nearby elements. Crowding is often explained by pooling models predicting that adding flankers increases crowding. In contrast, the centroid hypothesis proposes that adding flankers decreases crowding—‘‘bigger is better.’’ In foveal vision, we have recently shown that adding flankers can increase or decrease crowding depending on whether the target groups or ungroups from the flankers. We have further shown how configural effects, such as good and global Gestalt, determine crowding. Foveal and peripheral crowding do not always reveal the same characteristics. Here, we show that the very same grouping and Gestalt results of foveal vision are also found in the periphery. These results can neither be explained by simple pooling nor by centroid models. We discuss when bigger is better and how grouping might shape crowding.

Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology2012

Chargement

Contextual Modulation and Gestalt

Michael Herzog, Bilge Sayim

The perception of a stimulus can strongly be modified by its spatial context. For example, when a vernier stimulus is flanked by two lines, performance deteriorates compared to a vernier without flanks. This is usually explained by local interactions, such as lateral inhibition or spatial pooling, between the vernier and the flanks. Here, we argue that local mechanisms are inadequate to explain this contextual modulation. In a range of experiments, we showed that performance depended on the global configuration of all stimulus elements. We presented observers with verniers flanked by lines of either same or different color, contrast polarity, or stereoscopic depth as the vernier. In all cases, performance is better when the flanks “ungroup” from the vernier. A similar effect was found when a vernier was flanked by two cuboids compared to two lines which are contained in the cuboids: Performance with flanking cuboids was superior. These results show that global aspects are crucial in contextual modulation. Vernier discrimination can be used as a tool to measure the strength of Gestalt laws

2009

Chargement

Basic gestalt laws cannot explain uncrowding

Oh-Hyeon Choung, Michael Herzog, Einat Rashal

Visual crowding is the inability to perceive elements within clutter. Traditional crowding models, such as pooling, predict that performance deteriorates when flankers are added. However, this prediction has been disproved. For example, performance was found to deteriorate when a Vernier was surrounded by a single square but also to improve when more squares were added. This phenomenon is termed “uncrowding.” Previous studies showed that it is not the number of flankers that matters for uncrowding but the configuration. To understand how a configuration leads to crowding or uncrowding, we presented a Vernier surrounded by a square in the center of the screen. To that we added squares and stars that constructed different configurations according to the Gestalt laws of symmetry, closure, and good continuation. We did not find any evidence that the Gestalt laws we tested play an important role in crowding. To test for low-level factors, we also used a pixel-wise clustering method (k-means algorithm). However, we could not find evidence for the involvement of low-level factors either. We conclude that neither Gestalt laws nor basic processing can explain crowding and uncrowding. Likely, more complex aspects of display matter.

SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD2019

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Psychologie

La psychologie (du grec , « âme », et , « parole, discours »), est une discipline scientifique qui s'intéresse à l'étude du corpus des connaissances sur les faits psychiques, les comportements et le

Perception

La perception est l'activité par laquelle un sujet fait l'expérience d'objets ou de propriétés présents dans son environnement. Cette activité repose habituellement sur des informations fournies par

Esprit

thumb|right|200px|Représentation des facultés de l'esprit humain (de Robertus de Fluctibus, 1619) L'esprit est la totalité des phénomènes et des facultés mentales : perception, affectivité, intuiti

AR-329: Constructing the view: built images

What is meant by the term "image" as pictorial representation? How do we read, process and interpret images - and what premises can be derived from this for the conception and production of meaningful images?

CS-503: Visual intelligence : machines and minds

The course will discuss classic material as well as recent advances in computer vision and machine learning relevant to processing visual data with a primary focus on embodied intelligence and vision for active agents.

CS-486: Interaction design

This course focuses on goal-directed design and interaction design, two subjects treated in depth in the Cooper book (see reference below). To practice these two methods, we propose a design challenge, which is further divided into mini-projects evenly spaced throughout the semester.