Motivic cohomology is an invariant of algebraic varieties and of more general schemes. It is a type of cohomology related to motives and includes the Chow ring of algebraic cycles as a special case. Some of the deepest problems in algebraic geometry and number theory are attempts to understand motivic cohomology.
Let X be a scheme of finite type over a field k. A key goal of algebraic geometry is to compute the Chow groups of X, because they give strong information about all subvarieties of X. The Chow groups of X have some of the formal properties of Borel–Moore homology in topology, but some things are missing. For example, for a closed subscheme Z of X, there is an exact sequence of Chow groups, the localization sequence
whereas in topology this would be part of a long exact sequence.
This problem was resolved by generalizing Chow groups to a bigraded family of groups, (Borel–Moore) motivic homology groups (which were first called higher Chow groups by Bloch). Namely, for every scheme X of finite type over a field k and integers i and j, we have an abelian group Hi(X,Z(j)), with the usual Chow group being the special case
For a closed subscheme Z of a scheme X, there is a long exact localization sequence for motivic homology groups, ending with the localization sequence for Chow groups:
In fact, this is one of a family of four theories constructed by Voevodsky: motivic cohomology, motivic cohomology with compact support, Borel-Moore motivic homology (as above), and motivic homology with compact support. These theories have many of the formal properties of the corresponding theories in topology. For example, the motivic cohomology groups Hi(X,Z(j)) form a bigraded ring for every scheme X of finite type over a field. When X is smooth of dimension n over k, there is a Poincare duality isomorphism
In particular, the Chow group CHi(X) of codimension-i cycles is isomorphic to H2i(X,Z(i)) when X is smooth over k.
The motivic cohomology Hi(X, Z(j)) of a smooth scheme X over k is the cohomology of X in the Zariski topology with coefficients in a certain complex of sheaves Z(j) on X.
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In algebraic geometry, the Chow groups (named after Wei-Liang Chow by ) of an algebraic variety over any field are algebro-geometric analogs of the homology of a topological space. The elements of the Chow group are formed out of subvarieties (so-called algebraic cycles) in a similar way to how simplicial or cellular homology groups are formed out of subcomplexes. When the variety is smooth, the Chow groups can be interpreted as cohomology groups (compare Poincaré duality) and have a multiplication called the intersection product.
La théorie des motifs est un domaine de recherche mathématique qui tente d'unifier les aspects combinatoires, topologiques et arithmétiques de la géométrie algébrique. Introduite au début des années 1960 et de manière conjecturale par Alexander Grothendieck afin de mettre au jour des propriétés supposées communes à différentes théories cohomologiques, elle se trouve au cœur de nombreux problèmes ouverts en mathématiques pures. En particulier, plusieurs propriétés des courbes elliptiques semblent motiviques par nature, comme la conjecture de Birch et Swinnerton-Dyer.
En mathématiques, la K-théorie algébrique est une branche importante de l'algèbre homologique. Son objet est de définir et d'appliquer une suite de foncteurs K de la catégorie des anneaux dans celle des groupes abéliens. Pour des raisons historiques, K et K sont conçus en des termes un peu différents des K pour n ≥ 2. Ces deux K-groupes sont en effet plus accessibles et ont plus d'applications que ceux d'indices supérieurs. La théorie de ces derniers est bien plus profonde et ils sont beaucoup plus difficiles à calculer, ne serait-ce que pour l'anneau des entiers.
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