Pontryagin's maximum principle is used in optimal control theory to find the best possible control for taking a dynamical system from one state to another, especially in the presence of constraints for the state or input controls. It states that it is necessary for any optimal control along with the optimal state trajectory to solve the so-called Hamiltonian system, which is a two-point boundary value problem, plus a maximum condition of the control Hamiltonian. These necessary conditions become sufficient under certain convexity conditions on the objective and constraint functions.
The maximum principle was formulated in 1956 by the Russian mathematician Lev Pontryagin and his students, and its initial application was to the maximization of the terminal speed of a rocket. The result was derived using ideas from the classical calculus of variations. After a slight perturbation of the optimal control, one considers the first-order term of a Taylor expansion with respect to the perturbation; sending the perturbation to zero leads to a variational inequality from which the maximum principle follows.
Widely regarded as a milestone in optimal control theory, the significance of the maximum principle lies in the fact that maximizing the Hamiltonian is much easier than the original infinite-dimensional control problem; rather than maximizing over a function space, the problem is converted to a pointwise optimization. A similar logic leads to Bellman's principle of optimality, a related approach to optimal control problems which states that the optimal trajectory remains optimal at intermediate points in time. The resulting Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation provides a necessary and sufficient condition for an optimum, and admits a straightforward extension to stochastic optimal control problems, whereas the maximum principle does not. However, in contrast to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, which needs to hold over the entire state space to be valid, Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is potentially more computationally efficient in that the conditions which it specifies only need to hold over a particular trajectory.
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A shadow price is the monetary value assigned to an abstract or intangible commodity which is not traded in the marketplace. This often takes the form of an externality. Shadow prices are also known as the recalculation of known market prices in order to account for the presence of distortionary market instruments (e.g. quotas, tariffs, taxes or subsidies). Shadow prices are the real economic prices given to goods and services after they have been appropriately adjusted by removing distortionary market instruments and incorporating the societal impact of the respective good or service.
The Hamiltonian is a function used to solve a problem of optimal control for a dynamical system. It can be understood as an instantaneous increment of the Lagrangian expression of the problem that is to be optimized over a certain time period. Inspired by—but distinct from—the Hamiltonian of classical mechanics, the Hamiltonian of optimal control theory was developed by Lev Pontryagin as part of his maximum principle. Pontryagin proved that a necessary condition for solving the optimal control problem is that the control should be chosen so as to optimize the Hamiltonian.
En mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en analyse, la méthode des multiplicateurs de Lagrange permet de trouver les points stationnaires (maximum, minimum...) d'une fonction dérivable d'une ou plusieurs variables, sous contraintes. On cherche à trouver l'extremum, un minimum ou un maximum, d'une fonction φ de n variables à valeurs dans les nombres réels, ou encore d'un espace euclidien de dimension n, parmi les points respectant une contrainte, de type ψ(x) = 0 où ψ est une fonction du même ensemble de départ que φ.
This doctoral course provides an introduction to optimal control covering fundamental theory, numerical implementation and problem formulation for applications.
This course presents the problem of static optimization, with and without (equality and inequality) constraints, both from the theoretical (optimality conditions) and methodological (algorithms) point
This course provides an introduction to stochastic optimal control and dynamic programming (DP), with a variety of engineering
applications. The course focuses on the DP principle of optimality, and i
Couvre les problèmes de contrôle optimal en se concentrant sur les conditions nécessaires, l'existence de contrôles optimaux et les solutions numériques.