La géométrie euclidienne commence avec les Éléments d'Euclide, qui est à la fois une somme des connaissances géométriques de l'époque et une tentative de formalisation mathématique de ces connaissances. Les notions de droite, de plan, de longueur, d'aire y sont exposées et forment le support des cours de géométrie élémentaire. La conception de la géométrie est intimement liée à la vision de l'espace physique ambiant au sens classique du terme. Les conceptions géométriques connaissent, depuis les travaux d'Euclide, des évolutions suivant trois axes principaux :

pour vérifier les critères de rigueur logique actuels, la définition axiomatique subit de profonds changements, l'objet mathématique restant néanmoins le même ;

pour ne plus se limiter aux dimensions deux et trois et pour permettre l'élaboration d'une théorie plus puissante, un modèle algébrique de la géométrie est envisagé. L'espace euclidien est maintenant défini comme un espace vectoriel ou affine réel de dimension fini

Capacities, Systoles and Jacobians of Riemann Surfaces

Björn Mützel

To any compact Riemann surface of genus g one may assign a principally polarized abelian variety (PPAV) of dimension g, the Jacobian of the Riemann surface. The Jacobian is a complex torus and we call a Gram matrix of the lattice of a Jacobian a period Gram matrix. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the Schottky problem, which is to discern the Jacobians among the PPAVs. Buser and Sarnak approached this problem by means of a geometric invariant, the first successive minimum. They showed that the square of the first successive minimum, the squared norm of the shortest non-zero vector, in the lattice of a Jacobian of a Riemann surface of genus g is bounded from above by log(4g), whereas it can be of order g for the lattice of a PPAV of dimension g. The main goal of this work was to improve this result and to get insight into the connection between the geometry of a compact Riemann surface that is given in hyperbolic geometric terms, and the geometry of its Jacobian. We show the following general findings: For a hyperelliptic surface the first successive minimum is bounded from above by a universal constant. The square of the second successive minimum of the Jacobian of a Riemann surface of genus g is equally of order log(g). We provide refined upper bounds on the consecutive successive minima if the surface contains several disjoint small simple closed geodesics and a lower bound for the norm of certain lattice vectors of the Jacobian, if the surface contains small non-separating simple closed geodesics. If the concrete geometry of the Riemann surface is known, more precise statements can be made. In this case we obtain theoretical and practical estimates on all entries of the period Gram matrix. Here we establish upper and lower bounds based on the geometry of the cut locus of simple closed geodesics and also on the geometry of Q-pieces. In addition the following two results have been obtained: First, an improved lower bound for the maximum value of the norm of the shortest non-zero lattice vector among all PPAVs in even dimensions. This follows from an averaging method from the geometry of numbers applied to a family of symmetric PPAVs. Second, a new proof for a lower bound on the number of homotopically distinct geodesic loops, whose length is smaller than a fixed constant. This lower bound applies not only to geodesic loops on Riemann surfaces, but on arbitrary manifolds of non-positive curvature.

EPFL2011

Capacities, Systoles and Jacobians of Riemann Surfaces

Björn Mützel

EPFL2011

Géométrie euclidienne

pour vérifier les critères de rigueur logique actuels, la définition axiomatique subit de profonds changements, l'objet mathématique restant néanmoins le même ;

pour ne plus se limiter aux dimensions deux et trois et pour permettre l'élaboration d'une théorie plus puissante, un modèle algébrique de la géométrie est envisagé. L'espace euclidien est maintenant défini comme un espace vectoriel ou affine réel de dimension fini

Essai du Power Planer

Capacities, Systoles and Jacobians of Riemann Surfaces

Capacities, Systoles and Jacobians of Riemann Surfaces

Essai du Power Planer