Local diffeomorphism

In mathematics, more specifically differential topology, a local diffeomorphism is intuitively a map between Smooth manifolds that preserves the local differentiable structure. The formal definition of a local diffeomorphism is given below. Let and be differentiable manifolds. A function is a local diffeomorphism, if for each point there exists an open set containing such that is open in and is a diffeomorphism. A local diffeomorphism is a special case of an immersion where the of under locally has the differentiable structure of a submanifold of Then and may have a lower dimension than A map is a local diffeomorphism if and only if it is a smooth immersion (smooth local embedding) and an open map. The inverse function theorem implies that a smooth map is a local diffeomorphism if and only if the derivative is a linear isomorphism for all points This implies that and must have the same dimension. A map between two connected manifolds of equal dimension () is a local diffeomorphism if and only if it is a smooth immersion (smooth local embedding), or equivalently, if and only if it is a smooth submersion. This is because every smooth immersion is a locally injective function while invariance of domain guarantees that any continuous injective function between manifolds of equal dimensions is necessarily an open map. For instance, even though all manifolds look locally the same (as for some ) in the topological sense, it is natural to ask whether their differentiable structures behave in the same manner locally. For example, one can impose two different differentiable structures on that make into a differentiable manifold, but both structures are not locally diffeomorphic (see below). Although local diffeomorphisms preserve differentiable structure locally, one must be able to "patch up" these (local) diffeomorphisms to ensure that the domain is the entire (smooth) manifold. For example, there can be no global diffeomorphism from the 2-sphere to Euclidean 2-space although they do indeed have the same local differentiable structure.