Receptor tyrosine kinase

Summary

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. Of the 90 unique tyrosine kinase genes identified in the human genome, 58 encode receptor tyrosine kinase proteins. Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown not only to be key regulators of normal cellular processes but also to have a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer. Mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases lead to activation of a series of signalling cascades which have numerous effects on protein expression. Receptor tyrosine kinases are part of the larger family of protein tyrosine kinases, encompassing the receptor tyrosine kinase proteins which contain a transmembrane domain, as well as the non-receptor tyrosine kinases which do not possess transmembrane domains. History The first RTKs to be discovered were EGF and NGF in the 1960s, but the classification of receptor tyrosine

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase

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HER receptor dimerization controlled with bivalent ligands

Seymour de Picciotto

In this thesis, I show the ability of engineered bivalent ligands to control HER signaling by taking advantage of the dimerization-dependent mechanism of the four different receptors in the HER (EGFR) family. While monovalent wild-type ligands form HER homoe- and hetero-dimers according to the different members' relative expression levels, I hypothesize that bivalent ligands are able to drive dimerization of specific family members, independently of the cell's HER receptor composition. Using human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (hTMSC), this study first confirms the bioactivity of the bivalent ligands: they exhibit an EC50 one order of magnitude lower than wild-type monomeric ligands and shown an avidity effect as shown from dose-response analysis of the pERK and pY-EGFR nodes. Then, I take advantage of known differences between EGFR hetero- and homodimer to investigate the bivalent ligands' ability to form selective dimers. I demonstrate that bivalent EGF is capable of inducing greater EGFR phosphorylation while preventing HER2 phosphorylation compared to wild-type EGF stimulation. Furthermore, the kinetics of EGFR activation by bivalent EGF differs from wild-type EGF with the appearance of a second activation peak at 20 minutes. Controlling the HER signaling network with these bivalent ligands has potential applications in tissue engineering, cancer therapy and in fundamental studies of the ErbB receptors activation mechanism

2009

Efficient transdifferentiation of human dermal fibroblasts into skeletal muscle

Noaf Salah Ali Alwahab

Skeletal muscle holds significant regenerative potential but is incapable of restoring tissue loss caused by severe injury, congenital defects or tumour ablation. Consequently, skeletal muscle models are being developed to study human pathophysiology and regeneration. Their physiological accuracy, however, is hampered by the lack of an easily accessible human cell source that is readily expandable and capable of efficient differentiation. MYOD1, a master gene regulator, induces transdifferentiation of a variety of cell types into skeletal muscle, although inefficiently in human cells. Here we used MYOD1 to establish its capacity to induce skeletal muscle transdifferentiation of human dermal fibroblasts under baseline conditions. We found significant transdifferentiation improvement via transforming growth factor-/activin signalling inhibition, canonical WNT signalling activation, receptor tyrosine kinase binding and collagen type I utilization. Mechanistically, manipulation of individual signalling pathways modulated the transdifferentiation process via myoblast proliferation, lowering the transdifferentiation threshold and inducing cell fusion. Overall, we used transdifferentiation to achieve the robust derivation of human skeletal myotubes and have described the signalling pathways and mechanisms regulating this process. Copyright (c) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

WILEY2018

SPROUTY2 (SPRY2) is an intracellular regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling involved in cell growth, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Here, we show that SPRY2 is a target gene of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway that is abnormally activated in more than 90% of colon carcinomas. In human colon cancer cells, SPRY2 expression is induced by beta-catenin in co-operation with the transcription factor FOXO3a instead of lymphoid enhancer factor/T-cell factor proteins. We found binding of beta-catenin to the SPRY2 promoter at FOXO3a response elements. In vivo, cells marked by nuclear beta-catenin and FOXO3a express SPRY2 in proliferative epithelial tissues, such as intestinal mucosa and epidermis. Consistently, inducible beta-catenin deletion in mice reduced Spry2 expression in the small intestine. Moreover, SPRY2 protein expression correlated with nuclear beta-catenin and FOXO3a colocalization in human colon carcinomas. Importantly, the amount of SPRY2 protein correlated with shorter overall survival of colon cancer patients. Our data reveal SPRY2 as a novel Wnt beta-catenin and FOXO3a target gene indicative of poor prognosis in colon cancer.

Nature Publishing Group2014