A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine. Most gliders do not have an engine, although motor-gliders have small engines for extending their flight when necessary by sustaining the altitude (normally a sailplane relies on rising air to maintain altitude) with some being powerful enough to take off by self-launch.
There are a wide variety of types differing in the construction of their wings, aerodynamic efficiency, location of the pilot, controls and intended purpose. Most exploit meteorological phenomena to maintain or gain height. Gliders are principally used for the air sports of gliding, hang gliding and paragliding. However some spacecraft have been designed to descend as gliders and in the past military gliders have been used in warfare. Some simple and familiar types of glider are toys such as paper planes and balsa wood gliders.
Glider is the agent noun form of the verb to glide. It derives from Middle English gliden, which in turn derived from Old English glīdan. The oldest meaning of glide may have denoted a precipitous running or jumping, as opposed to a smooth motion. Scholars are uncertain as to its original derivation, with possible connections to "slide", and "light" having been advanced.
Early flying machines
Early pre-modern accounts of flight are in most cases difficult to verify and it is unclear whether each craft was a glider, kite or parachute and to what degree they were truly controllable. Often the event is only recorded a long time after it allegedly took place. A 17th-century account reports an attempt at flight by the 9th-century poet Abbas Ibn Firnas near Córdoba, Spain which ended in heavy back injuries. The monk Eilmer of Malmesbury is reported by William of Malmesbury (1080-1143), a fellow monk and historian, to have flown off the roof of his Abbey in Malmesbury, England, sometime between 1000 and 1010 AD, gliding about before crashing and breaking his legs.
Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.
vignette|Écureuil volant pratiquant le vol plané Le vol plané est, pour un animal, l'action de s'élancer des airs pour retomber sur un point en contrebas tout en parcourant une certaine distance. On parle de vol passif lorsque l'animal est incapable d'accomplir un vol battu. Contrairement à ce dernier, le vol plané ne nécessite pas une musculation complexe visant à battre des ailes, car les turbulences ralentissent la descente de l'animal, lui permettant de se déplacer.
thumb|Le Concorde au jubilé de la reine du Royaume-Uni. thumb|Un North American P-51 Mustang en vol. Photo prise durant un show aérien dans la base de l'Air Force à Langley, en Virginie (États-Unis). Un avion est un aérodyne (un aéronef plus lourd que l'air), entraîné par un propulseur, dont la portance aérodynamique est obtenue par des surfaces fixes. Lorsque la portance est obtenue (à l'arrêt ou en mouvement) par des surfaces en rotation, l'appareil est alors dit à « voilure tournante » (hélicoptère, autogire, girodyne).
vignette|Arc-en-ciel vu d'un planeur. Le vol à voile consiste à voler dans les airs à bord d'un aérodyne propulsé par la seule force des courants atmosphériques ascendants, à l'image des oiseaux voiliers. Le terme s'applique particulièrement à la pratique du planeur, dont les adeptes sont les vélivoles, mais la même technique est utilisée par les pratiquants du « vol libre » en deltaplane ou parapente. La voltige en planeur, elle, ne fait pas appel aux courants ascendants, sauf exception, mais seulement au remorquage par avion.
Couvre les forces, les vecteurs de traction et les principes de contrainte dans les corps déformables, en mettant l'accent sur les composantes d'équilibre et de contrainte.
Drones hold promise to assist in civilian tasks. To realize this application, future drones must operate within large cities, covering large distances while navigating within cluttered urban landscapes. The increased efficiency of winged drones over rotary ...
EPFL2024
, ,
Critical thickness and strain relaxation of c-plane GaN layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on AlN were studied as a function of growth temperature and threading dislocation density (TDD). For this purpose we used AlN/sapphire templates and AlN single c ...
The steady advance of computational methods makes model-based optimization an increasingly attractive method for process improvement. Unfortunately, the available models are often inaccurate. The traditional remedy is to update the model parameters, but th ...