Composition of relationsIn the mathematics of binary relations, the composition of relations is the forming of a new binary relation R; S from two given binary relations R and S. In the calculus of relations, the composition of relations is called relative multiplication, and its result is called a relative product. Function composition is the special case of composition of relations where all relations involved are functions. The word uncle indicates a compound relation: for a person to be an uncle, he must be the brother of a parent.
Clôture (mathématiques)On parle de clôture ou de fermeture en mathématiques dans des contextes très divers. Quelques exemples sont listés ci-dessous. En mathématiques, on dit qu'une partie A d'un ensemble E est stable (ou close) pour une opération définie sur E si cette opération, appliquée à des éléments de A, produit toujours un élément de A. Par exemple, l'ensemble des nombres réels est stable par soustraction, tandis que l'ensemble des entiers naturels ne l'est pas (la différence de deux entiers naturels est parfois un entier relatif strictement négatif).
Congruence relationIn abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure in the sense that algebraic operations done with equivalent elements will yield equivalent elements. Every congruence relation has a corresponding quotient structure, whose elements are the equivalence classes (or congruence classes) for the relation. The prototypical example of a congruence relation is congruence modulo on the set of integers.
IntransitivityIn mathematics, intransitivity (sometimes called nontransitivity) is a property of binary relations that are not transitive relations. This may include any relation that is not transitive, or the stronger property of antitransitivity, which describes a relation that is never transitive. A relation is transitive if, whenever it relates some A to some B, and that B to some C, it also relates that A to that C.
Implication (logique)En logique mathématique, l'implication est l'un des connecteurs binaires du langage du calcul des propositions, généralement représenté par le symbole « ⇒ » et se lisant « ... implique ... », « ... seulement si ... » ou, de façon équivalente, « si ..., alors ... » comme dans la phrase « s'il pleut, alors il y a des nuages ». L'implication admet des interprétations différentes selon les différents systèmes logiques (logique classique, modale, intuitionniste, etc.).
Matrice binaireUne matrice binaire est une matrice dont les coefficients sont soit 0, soit 1. En général ces coefficients sont les nombres de l'algèbre de Boole dans laquelle on appelle B l'ensemble constitué de deux éléments appelés valeurs de vérité {VRAI, FAUX}. Cet ensemble est aussi noté B = {1, 0} ou B = {⊤, ⊥}. On privilégie souvent la notation B = {1, 0}. Quand on programme des algorithmes utilisant ces matrices, la notation {VRAI, FAUX} peut coexister avec la notation {1, 0} car de nombreux langages acceptent ce polymorphisme.
List of mathematical jargonThe language of mathematics has a vast vocabulary of specialist and technical terms. It also has a certain amount of jargon: commonly used phrases which are part of the culture of mathematics, rather than of the subject. Jargon often appears in lectures, and sometimes in print, as informal shorthand for rigorous arguments or precise ideas. Much of this is common English, but with a specific non-obvious meaning when used in a mathematical sense. Some phrases, like "in general", appear below in more than one section.
Algèbre des parties d'un ensembleEn théorie des ensembles, l'ensemble des parties d'un ensemble, muni des opérations d'intersection, de réunion, et de passage au complémentaire, possède une structure d'algèbre de Boole. D'autres opérations s'en déduisent, comme la différence ensembliste et la différence symétrique. L'algèbre des parties d'un ensemble étudie l'arithmétique de ces opérations (voir l'article « Opération ensembliste » pour des opérations qui ne laissent pas stable l'ensemble des parties d'un ensemble).
Partial equivalence relationIn mathematics, a partial equivalence relation (often abbreviated as PER, in older literature also called restricted equivalence relation) is a homogeneous binary relation that is symmetric and transitive. If the relation is also reflexive, then the relation is an equivalence relation. Formally, a relation on a set is a PER if it holds for all that: if , then (symmetry) if and , then (transitivity) Another more intuitive definition is that on a set is a PER if there is some subset of such that and is an equivalence relation on .
Quasitransitive relationThe mathematical notion of quasitransitivity is a weakened version of transitivity that is used in social choice theory and microeconomics. Informally, a relation is quasitransitive if it is symmetric for some values and transitive elsewhere. The concept was introduced by to study the consequences of Arrow's theorem. A binary relation T over a set X is quasitransitive if for all a, b, and c in X the following holds: If the relation is also antisymmetric, T is transitive.
