ComplexificationIn mathematics, the complexification of a vector space V over the field of real numbers (a "real vector space") yields a vector space V^C over the complex number field, obtained by formally extending the scaling of vectors by real numbers to include their scaling ("multiplication") by complex numbers. Any basis for V (a space over the real numbers) may also serve as a basis for V^C over the complex numbers. Let be a real vector space.
Adjugate matrixIn linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix A is the transpose of its cofactor matrix and is denoted by adj(A). It is also occasionally known as adjunct matrix, or "adjoint", though the latter term today normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which for a matrix is the conjugate transpose. The product of a matrix with its adjugate gives a diagonal matrix (entries not on the main diagonal are zero) whose diagonal entries are the determinant of the original matrix: where I is the identity matrix of the same size as A.
Spin representationIn mathematics, the spin representations are particular projective representations of the orthogonal or special orthogonal groups in arbitrary dimension and signature (i.e., including indefinite orthogonal groups). More precisely, they are two equivalent representations of the spin groups, which are double covers of the special orthogonal groups. They are usually studied over the real or complex numbers, but they can be defined over other fields. Elements of a spin representation are called spinors.
Graded-commutative ringIn algebra, a graded-commutative ring (also called a skew-commutative ring) is a graded ring that is commutative in the graded sense; that is, homogeneous elements x, y satisfy where |x | and |y | denote the degrees of x and y. A commutative (non-graded) ring, with trivial grading, is a basic example. An exterior algebra is an example of a graded-commutative ring that is not commutative in the non-graded sense. A cup product on cohomology satisfies the skew-commutative relation; hence, a cohomology ring is graded-commutative.
Tenseur antisymétriqueEn mathématiques et physique théorique, un tenseur est antisymétrique pour les indices i et j si son signe est interchangé lorsqu'on inverse 2 indices : Un tenseur antisymétrique est un tenseur possédant 2 indices pour lesquels il est antisymétrique. Si un tenseur change de signe dès que 2 indices quelconques sont inversés, alors ce tenseur est dit complètement antisymétrique et est aussi nommé forme différentielle. Un tenseur A qui est antisymétrique pour les indices i et j possède la propriété que sa contraction avec un tenseur B, symétrique pour les indices i et j, est identiquement nulle.
SupermatrixIn mathematics and theoretical physics, a supermatrix is a Z2-graded analog of an ordinary matrix. Specifically, a supermatrix is a 2×2 block matrix with entries in a superalgebra (or superring). The most important examples are those with entries in a commutative superalgebra (such as a Grassmann algebra) or an ordinary field (thought of as a purely even commutative superalgebra). Supermatrices arise in the study of super linear algebra where they appear as the coordinate representations of a linear transformations between finite-dimensional super vector spaces or free supermodules.
Supercommutative algebraIn mathematics, a supercommutative (associative) algebra is a superalgebra (i.e. a Z2-graded algebra) such that for any two homogeneous elements x, y we have where |x| denotes the grade of the element and is 0 or 1 (in Z_2) according to whether the grade is even or odd, respectively. Equivalently, it is a superalgebra where the supercommutator always vanishes. Algebraic structures which supercommute in the above sense are sometimes referred to as skew-commutative associative algebras to emphasize the anti-commutation, or, to emphasize the grading, graded-commutative or, if the supercommutativity is understood, simply commutative.
Linear complex structureIn mathematics, a complex structure on a real vector space V is an automorphism of V that squares to the minus identity, −I. Such a structure on V allows one to define multiplication by complex scalars in a canonical fashion so as to regard V as a complex vector space. Every complex vector space can be equipped with a compatible complex structure, however, there is in general no canonical such structure. Complex structures have applications in representation theory as well as in complex geometry where they play an essential role in the definition of almost complex manifolds, by contrast to complex manifolds.
Identité de LagrangeEn mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en algèbre, l'identité de Lagrange, découverte par Joseph Louis Lagrange, est une formule transformant un produit de sommes de carrés en une autre somme de carrés ; elle a d'importantes conséquences sur les propriétés du produit vectoriel. L'identité de Lagrange est : Elle s'applique à deux familles quelconques (a1, a2, ... , an) et (b1,b2, ... , bn) de nombres réels ou complexes, ou plus généralement à des éléments d'un anneau commutatif.
Relation de JacobiIn mathematics, the Jacobi identity is a property of a binary operation that describes how the order of evaluation, the placement of parentheses in a multiple product, affects the result of the operation. By contrast, for operations with the associative property, any order of evaluation gives the same result (parentheses in a multiple product are not needed). The identity is named after the German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The cross product and the Lie bracket operation both satisfy the Jacobi identity.
