Isomorphisme de graphesEn mathématiques, dans le cadre de la théorie des graphes, un isomorphisme de graphes est une bijection entre les sommets de deux graphes qui préserve les arêtes. Ce concept est en accord avec la notion générale d'isomorphisme, une bijection qui préserve les structures. Plus précisément, un isomorphisme f entre les graphes G et H est une bijection entre les sommets de G et ceux de H, telle qu'une paire de sommets {u, v} de G est une arête de G si et seulement si {ƒ(u), ƒ(v)} est une arête de H.
Vertex coverIn graph theory, a vertex cover (sometimes node cover) of a graph is a set of vertices that includes at least one endpoint of every edge of the graph. In computer science, the problem of finding a minimum vertex cover is a classical optimization problem. It is NP-hard, so it cannot be solved by a polynomial-time algorithm if P ≠ NP. Moreover, it is hard to approximate – it cannot be approximated up to a factor smaller than 2 if the unique games conjecture is true. On the other hand, it has several simple 2-factor approximations.
Matching in hypergraphsIn graph theory, a matching in a hypergraph is a set of hyperedges, in which every two hyperedges are disjoint. It is an extension of the notion of matching in a graph. Recall that a hypergraph H is a pair (V, E), where V is a set of vertices and E is a set of subsets of V called hyperedges. Each hyperedge may contain one or more vertices. A matching in H is a subset M of E, such that every two hyperedges e_1 and e_2 in M have an empty intersection (have no vertex in common).
