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Order theory
Order theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that". This article introduces the field and provides basic definitions. A list of order-theoretic terms can be found in the order theory glossary. Orders are everywhere in mathematics and related fields like computer science. The first order often discussed in primary school is the standard order on the natural numbers e.
Birkhoff's representation theorem
This is about lattice theory. For other similarly named results, see Birkhoff's theorem (disambiguation). In mathematics, Birkhoff's representation theorem for distributive lattices states that the elements of any finite distributive lattice can be represented as finite sets, in such a way that the lattice operations correspond to unions and intersections of sets. The theorem can be interpreted as providing a one-to-one correspondence between distributive lattices and partial orders, between quasi-ordinal knowledge spaces and preorders, or between finite topological spaces and preorders.
Dedekind number
File:Monotone Boolean functions 0,1,2,3.svg|400px|thumb|right|[[File:Loupe light.svg|15px|link=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Monotone_Boolean_functions_0%2C1%2C2%2C3.svg/1500px-Monotone_Boolean_functions_0%2C1%2C2%2C3.svg.png]] The free distributive lattices of monotonic Boolean functions on 0, 1, 2, and 3 arguments, with 2, 3, 6, and 20 elements respectively (move mouse over right diagram to see description) circle 659 623 30 [[File:Boolean function 0000 0000.
Section commençante
En mathématiques, et plus précisément en théorie des ordres, une section commençante (également appelée segment initial ou sous-ensemble fermé inférieurement) d'un ensemble ordonné (X,≤) est un sous-ensemble S de X tel que si x est dans S et si y ≤ x, alors y est dans S. Dualement, on appelle section finissante (ou sous-ensemble fermé supérieurement) un sous-ensemble F tel que si x est dans F et si x ≤ y, alors y est dans F.
Élément maximal
Dans un ensemble ordonné, un élément maximal est un élément tel qu'il n'existe aucun autre élément de cet ensemble qui lui soit supérieur, c'est-à-dire que a est dit élément maximal d'un ensemble ordonné (E, ≤) si a est un élément de E tel que : De même, a est un élément minimal de E si : Pour tout élément a de E, on a les équivalences et l'implication (stricte) : a est un majorant de E ⇔ a est la borne supérieure de E ⇔ a est l'élément maximum (ou « plus grand élément ») de E ⇒ a est l'unique élément maxima
Distributive lattice
In mathematics, a distributive lattice is a lattice in which the operations of join and meet distribute over each other. The prototypical examples of such structures are collections of sets for which the lattice operations can be given by set union and intersection. Indeed, these lattices of sets describe the scenery completely: every distributive lattice is—up to isomorphism—given as such a lattice of sets. As in the case of arbitrary lattices, one can choose to consider a distributive lattice L either as a structure of order theory or of universal algebra.
Ensemble partiellement ordonné
En mathématiques, un ensemble partiellement ordonné (parfois appelé poset d'après l'anglais partially ordered set) formalise et généralise la notion intuitive d'ordre ou d'arrangement entre les éléments d'un ensemble. Un ensemble partiellement ordonné est un ensemble muni d'une relation d'ordre qui indique que pour certains couples d'éléments, l'un est plus petit que l'autre. Tous les éléments ne sont pas forcément comparables, contrairement au cas d'un ensemble muni d'un ordre total.