Concept
Tort reform
Concepts associés (11)
Procédure-bâillon
Une procédure-bâillon, ou poursuite-bâillon ou poursuite stratégique contre la mobilisation publique est une action en justice visant à intimider et à faire taire un journaliste ou lanceur d'alerte ou à entraver la participation politique et le militantisme. Il s'agit le plus souvent d’une poursuite civile en diffamation, intentée contre un individu ou un organisme ayant pris parti dans le cadre d’un enjeu public. Le concept inclut les menaces de poursuite.
Malicious prosecution
Malicious prosecution is a common law intentional tort. Like the tort of abuse of process, its elements include (1) intentionally (and maliciously) instituting and pursuing (or causing to be instituted or pursued) a legal action (civil or criminal) that is (2) brought without probable cause and (3) dismissed in favor of the victim of the malicious prosecution. In some jurisdictions, the term "malicious prosecution" denotes the wrongful initiation of criminal proceedings, while the term "malicious use of process" denotes the wrongful initiation of civil proceedings.
Attorney's fee
Attorney's fee is a chiefly United States term for compensation for legal services performed by an attorney (lawyer or law firm) for a client, in or out of court. It may be an hourly, flat-rate or contingent fee. Recent studies suggest that when lawyers charge a flat-fee rather than billing by the hour, they work less hard on behalf of clients and clients get worse outcomes. Attorney fees are separate from fines, compensatory and punitive damages, and (except in Nevada) from court costs in a legal case.
Champerty and maintenance
Champerty and maintenance are doctrines in common law jurisdictions that aim to preclude frivolous litigation: Maintenance is the intermeddling of a disinterested party to encourage a lawsuit. It is: "A taking in hand, a bearing up or upholding of quarrels or sides, to the disturbance of the common right." Champerty (from Old French champart) is the financial support, by a party not naturally concerned in the suit, of a plaintiff that allows them to prosecute a lawsuit on condition that, if it be brought to a successful issue, the plaintiff will repay them with a share of the proceed from the suit.
Forum shopping
Le forum shopping (en français, élection de juridiction) est une pratique de droit international privé qui consiste à saisir la juridiction la plus susceptible de donner raison à ses propres intérêts. Les différences entre les droits privés du monde ont pour conséquence que certains pays disposent de lois très protectrices envers les consommateurs ou les producteurs, tandis que d'autres ont des corpus juridiques plus faibles.
English tort law
English tort law concerns the compensation for harm to people's rights to health and safety, a clean environment, property, their economic interests, or their reputations. A "tort" is a wrong in civil law, rather than criminal law, that usually requires a payment of money to make up for damage that is caused. Alongside contracts and unjust enrichment, tort law is usually seen as forming one of the three main pillars of the law of obligations. In English law, torts like other civil cases are generally tried in front a judge without a jury.
Donoghue v Stevenson
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 was a landmark court decision in Scots delict law and English tort law by the House of Lords. It laid the foundation of the modern law of negligence in common law jurisdictions worldwide, as well as in Scotland, establishing general principles of the duty of care. Also known as the "Paisley Snail" or "Snail in the Bottle" case, the case involved Mrs May Donoghue drinking a bottle of ginger beer in a café in Paisley, Renfrewshire. Unknown to her or anybody else, a decomposed snail was in the bottle.
Diffamation
thumb|Le klapperstein : la « pierre des bavards », un exemple célèbre d'ancien supplice réservé aux personnes reconnues coupables de diffamation dans l'ancienne République de Mulhouse. thumb|La Vie Illustrée du 25 juillet 1902. Camille du Gast devant le tribunal La diffamation est un concept juridique désignant le fait de tenir des propos portant atteinte à l'honneur d'une personne physique ou morale. Dans certains pays, il ne peut y avoir de diffamation que si l'accusation s'appuie sur des contrevérités (ce n'est pas le cas en France, bien que l'exception de vérité puisse être utilisée comme un moyen de défense).
Jury trial
A jury trial, or trial by jury, is a legal proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact. It is distinguished from a bench trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions. Jury trials are used in a significant share of serious criminal cases in many but not all common law judicial systems. The majority of common law jurisdictions in Asia (such as Singapore, India, Pakistan and Malaysia) have abolished jury trials on the grounds that juries are susceptible to bias.
Product liability
Product liability is the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and others who make products available to the public are held responsible for the injuries those products cause. Although the word "product" has broad connotations, product liability as an area of law is traditionally limited to products in the form of tangible personal property. The overwhelming majority of countries have strongly preferred to address product liability through legislative means.