Soft tissue

Summary

Soft tissue is all the tissue in the body that is not hardened by the processes of ossification or calcification such as bones and teeth. Soft tissue connects, surrounds or supports internal organs and bones, and includes muscle, tendons, ligaments, fat, fibrous tissue, lymph and blood vessels, fasciae, and synovial membranes. It is sometimes defined by what it is not – such as "nonepithelial, extraskeletal mesenchyme exclusive of the reticuloendothelial system and glia". Composition The characteristic substances inside the extracellular matrix of soft tissue are the collagen, elastin and ground substance. Normally the soft tissue is very hydrated because of the ground substance. The fibroblasts are the most common cell responsible for the production of soft tissues' fibers and ground substance. Variations of fibroblasts, like chondroblasts, may also produce these substances. Mechanical characteristics At small strains, elastin confers stiff

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue

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Poroelastic modelling of peri-implnat gap

Evert Robberecht

Micromotion affects the tissue outcome at the peri-implant site. Interstitial fluid flow, induced by micromotion, may play a curtail part in the mesenchymal stem cell differentiation pathway necessary for bone regeneration. The aim of this project is to model the fluid flow at the peri-implant site composed of a soft tissue, for a glenoid implant for different gap sizes at physiological loading.

2008

Jet injection devices have been studied and developed for transdermal drug delivery to avoid the use of needles. Such contact-less devices provide several advantages such as better dose control, lateral and depth localisation, lower collateral damage than the needles and reportedly higher efficacy of some treatments. The administration is based on a fast stream of liquid which yields sufficient power to penetrate deep into soft body tissue. This thesis describes laser-based jet injection technology where the actuation scheme exploits optical cavitation in a capillary nozzle. We present several advancements in the system design. First, I optimised the working conditions for the generation of supersonic liquid microjets in a repetitive regime. The use of multiple jets with smaller diameters allows keeping proper dosing while mitigating damage to the tissue. Second, we introduce a novel laser-pulse distribution scheme by using a multimode optical fibre for light delivery in a capillary which allows a liquid delivery device design to be thin and long (e.g. flexible and 30 cm long with 1.2 mm outer diameter) compatible with minimally invasive surgical procedures. This innovation step opens up the possibility of the jet injection to inner body organs or other hardy accessible targets. I also found a convenient laser source in the near-infrared spectrum, which circumvents the need for sample reformulation and allows the generation of fast (60 kPa). I provide insights on the penetration of microjets into hydrogel samples with elastic modulus ranging from 16 kPa to 0.5 MPa. Our study suggests possible administration into materials with elasticity covering the broad spectrum of biological soft tissues like blood vessels, all skin layers, scarred or dried skin or tumours. I also show a superior injection efficiency with the fibre-based illumination system, which is because only focused part of the jet is propelled from the nozzle. Intense laser illumination of a drug raises the question of potential degradation of the product and hence the biocompatibility of the delivered product. I evaluated the integrity of several molecules (Lidocaine, 5-Aminolevulinic acid, rabbit immunoglobulin, DNA) and their functionality after delivery with the injection device. Our tests showed no degradation, and therefore we can conclude that this technology can be a promising route of local drug administration.

EPFL2021

The challenge in virtual human modeling is to achieve the representation of the main human characteristics with as much realism as possible. Such achievements would allow the simulation and/or analysis of many virtual situations involving humans. Simulation is especially useful to derive information from the models so as to predict and/or reproduce the behaviors that would be observed in real situations. Computer methods in visualization and simulation have thus great potential for advances in medicine. The processes of strength generation and motion coordination are some of these phenomena for which there is still much remaining to be understood. The human shoulder is also probably the articulation of the human body which deserves more than any other to be named "terra incognita". Investigations towards the biomechanical modeling and simulation of the human upper limb are therefore presented in this study. It includes thorough investigation into the musculoskeletal anatomy and biomechanics of the human upper limb, into the biomechanical constitutive modeling of muscles and soft tissues, and into the nonlinear continuum mechanics and numerical methods, especially the incremental finite element methods, necessary for their simulation. On this basis, a 3-D biomechanical musculoskeletal human upper limb model has been designed using the Visible Human Data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and applied to the dynamic musculoskeletal simulation of the human upper limb. This research has been achieved in the context of the EU ESPRIT Project CHARM, whose objective has been to develop a comprehensive human animation resource database and a set of software tools allowing the modeling of the human complex musculoskeletal system and the simulation of its dynamics, including the finite element simulation of soft tissue deformation and muscular contraction. An investigation towards the application of this knowledge for the realistic modeling and animation of the upper limb in computer animation is then presented. The anatomical and biomechanical modeling of the scapulo-thoracic constraint and the shoulder joint sinus cones are proposed and applied to the realistic animation, using inverse kinematics, of a virtual skeleton and an anatomic musculoskeletal body model.

EPFL1999

EPFL2021