Système de SteinerEn mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en combinatoire, un système de Steiner (nommé ainsi d'après Jakob Steiner) est un type de design combinatoire. Plus précisément, un système de Steiner de paramètres t, k, n, noté S(t,k,n), est constitué d'un ensemble S à n éléments, et d'un ensemble de sous-ensembles de S à k éléments (appelés blocs), ayant la propriété que tout sous-ensemble de S à t éléments est contenu dans un bloc et un seul (cette définition moderne généralise celle de Steiner, demandant en plus que k = t + 1).
Espace affineEn géométrie, la notion d'espace affine généralise la notion d'espace issue de la géométrie euclidienne en omettant les notions d'angle et de distance. Dans un espace affine, on peut parler d'alignement, de parallélisme, de barycentre. Sous la forme qui utilise des rapports de mesures algébriques, qui est une notion affine, le théorème de Thalès et le théorème de Ceva sont des exemples de théorèmes de géométrie affine plane réelle (c'est-à-dire n'utilisant que la structure d'espace affine du plan réel).
Linear fractional transformationIn mathematics, a linear fractional transformation is, roughly speaking, an invertible transformation of the form The precise definition depends on the nature of a, b, c, d, and z. In other words, a linear fractional transformation is a transformation that is represented by a fraction whose numerator and denominator are linear. In the most basic setting, a, b, c, d, and z are complex numbers (in which case the transformation is also called a Möbius transformation), or more generally elements of a field.
CollineationIn projective geometry, a collineation is a one-to-one and onto map (a bijection) from one projective space to another, or from a projective space to itself, such that the of collinear points are themselves collinear. A collineation is thus an isomorphism between projective spaces, or an automorphism from a projective space to itself. Some authors restrict the definition of collineation to the case where it is an automorphism. The set of all collineations of a space to itself form a group, called the collineation group.
Théorème de BrianchonLe théorème de Brianchon s'énonce ainsi : Ce théorème est dû au mathématicien français Charles Julien Brianchon (1783-1864). C'est exactement le dual du théorème de Pascal. Il s'agit dans les deux cas de propriétés projectives des coniques, propriétés que l'on étudie sans équations, sans angles ni distances, uniquement avec les alignements de points et les intersections de droites. Comme pour le théorème de Pascal, il existe des dégénérations du théorème de Brianchon : en faisant coïncider deux tangentes successives, leur point de jonction devient un point de tangence de la conique.
Métrique de Fubini-StudyIn mathematics, the Fubini–Study metric is a Kähler metric on projective Hilbert space, that is, on a complex projective space CPn endowed with a Hermitian form. This metric was originally described in 1904 and 1905 by Guido Fubini and Eduard Study. A Hermitian form in (the vector space) Cn+1 defines a unitary subgroup U(n+1) in GL(n+1,C). A Fubini–Study metric is determined up to homothety (overall scaling) by invariance under such a U(n+1) action; thus it is homogeneous. Equipped with a Fubini–Study metric, CPn is a symmetric space.
Cayley–Bacharach theoremIn mathematics, the Cayley–Bacharach theorem is a statement about cubic curves (plane curves of degree three) in the projective plane P2. The original form states: Assume that two cubics C1 and C2 in the projective plane meet in nine (different) points, as they do in general over an algebraically closed field. Then every cubic that passes through any eight of the points also passes through the ninth point. A more intrinsic form of the Cayley–Bacharach theorem reads as follows: Every cubic curve C over an algebraically closed field that passes through a given set of eight points P1, .
Plan affineEn géométrie le concept de plan affine a été inventé pour pouvoir parler de droites parallèles sans s'encombrer de notions métriques telles que la distance entre deux points ou l'angle entre deux droites. L'approche axiomatique ne présuppose pas la notion d'espace vectoriel, de plan vectoriel en l'occurrence, ni celle de corps commutatif. Cependant ces deux dernières notions sont sous-jacentes (voir plan affine de Desargues). Un plan affine vérifie les axiomes Il existe au moins 2 points.
Projective rangeIn mathematics, a projective range is a set of points in projective geometry considered in a unified fashion. A projective range may be a projective line or a conic. A projective range is the dual of a pencil of lines on a given point. For instance, a correlation interchanges the points of a projective range with the lines of a pencil. A projectivity is said to act from one range to another, though the two ranges may coincide as sets. A projective range expresses projective invariance of the relation of projective harmonic conjugates.
Projection (mathematics)In mathematics, a projection is an idempotent mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into a subset (or sub-structure). In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once. The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a projection, even if the idempotence property is lost. An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (sheet of paper): the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency).
