Martingale representation theoremIn probability theory, the martingale representation theorem states that a random variable that is measurable with respect to the filtration generated by a Brownian motion can be written in terms of an Itô integral with respect to this Brownian motion. The theorem only asserts the existence of the representation and does not help to find it explicitly; it is possible in many cases to determine the form of the representation using Malliavin calculus. Similar theorems also exist for martingales on filtrations induced by jump processes, for example, by Markov chains.
Processus de branchementEn théorie des probabilités, un processus de branchement est un processus stochastique formé par une collection de variables aléatoires. Les variables aléatoires d'un processus stochastique sont indexées par les nombres entiers naturels. Les processus de branchement ont été développés en premier lieu pour décrire une population dans laquelle chaque individu de la génération produit un nombre aléatoire d'individus dans la génération .
Variance functionIn statistics, the variance function is a smooth function which depicts the variance of a random quantity as a function of its mean. The variance function is a measure of heteroscedasticity and plays a large role in many settings of statistical modelling. It is a main ingredient in the generalized linear model framework and a tool used in non-parametric regression, semiparametric regression and functional data analysis. In parametric modeling, variance functions take on a parametric form and explicitly describe the relationship between the variance and the mean of a random quantity.
Loi inverse-gaussienneEn théorie des probabilités et en statistique, la loi inverse-gaussienne (ou loi gaussienne inverse ou encore loi de Wald) est une loi de probabilité continue à deux paramètres et à valeurs strictement positives. Elle est nommée d'après le statisticien Abraham Wald. Le terme « inverse » ne doit pas être mal interprété, la loi est inverse dans le sens suivant : la valeur du mouvement brownien à un temps fixé est de loi normale, à l'inverse, le temps en lequel le mouvement brownien avec une dérive positive (drifté) atteint une valeur fixée est de loi inverse-gaussienne.
Feynman–Kac formulaThe Feynman–Kac formula, named after Richard Feynman and Mark Kac, establishes a link between parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) and stochastic processes. In 1947, when Kac and Feynman were both Cornell faculty, Kac attended a presentation of Feynman's and remarked that the two of them were working on the same thing from different directions. The Feynman–Kac formula resulted, which proves rigorously the real case of Feynman's path integrals. The complex case, which occurs when a particle's spin is included, is still an open question.
Hitting timeIn the study of stochastic processes in mathematics, a hitting time (or first hit time) is the first time at which a given process "hits" a given subset of the state space. Exit times and return times are also examples of hitting times. Let T be an ordered index set such as the natural numbers, \N, the non-negative real numbers, [0, +∞), or a subset of these; elements t \in T can be thought of as "times". Given a probability space (Ω, Σ, Pr) and a measurable state space S, let be a stochastic process, and let A be a measurable subset of the state space S.
Independent incrementsIn probability theory, independent increments are a property of stochastic processes and random measures. Most of the time, a process or random measure has independent increments by definition, which underlines their importance. Some of the stochastic processes that by definition possess independent increments are the Wiener process, all Lévy processes, all additive process and the Poisson point process. Let be a stochastic process. In most cases, or .
