Concept
Responsabilité délictuelle en common law
Concepts associés (82)
Fiction juridique
Une fiction juridique est un concept lié au droit, dont la définition est la suivante : Cette définition ouvre aux notions d'« artifice juridique », de « législateur souverain » et d'« effet de droit ». Dès l'Antiquité, le droit romain fait grand usage de ce concept, que l'on peut rapprocher d'un acte de langage. Le juriste allemand Rudolf von Jhering (1818-1892) le voyait comme . Cette manipulation de la réalité, fondée sur la logique du droit, peut s'exercer sur un fait, une situation ou une norme.
Personal injury
Personal injury is a legal term for an injury to the body, mind, or emotions, as opposed to an injury to property. In common law jurisdictions the term is most commonly used to refer to a type of tort lawsuit in which the person bringing the suit (the "claimant" in English Law or "plaintiff" in American jurisdictions) has suffered harm to his or her body or mind. Personal injury lawsuits are filed against the person or entity that caused the harm through negligence, gross negligence, reckless conduct, or intentional misconduct, and in some cases on the basis of strict liability.
Séquestration (crime)
La séquestration est, en droit, l'acte de retenir une personne enfermée contre son gré en dehors de toute autorité légale en usant de violence, de ruse ou de la menace. Dans plusieurs pays, la séquestration est un crime puni par la loi. Elle est souvent associée à l’enlèvement, au viol, à la torture ou à l’association de malfaiteurs. Le terme ne doit pas être confondu avec séquestre qui renvoie à l'idée de retenue d'un bien. En droit belge, l'article 376 du code pénal énonce des peines de quinze à vingt ans de réclusion lorsque la séquestration est assortie d’une agression sexuelle.
Procédure-bâillon
Une procédure-bâillon, ou poursuite-bâillon ou poursuite stratégique contre la mobilisation publique est une action en justice visant à intimider et à faire taire un journaliste ou lanceur d'alerte ou à entraver la participation politique et le militantisme. Il s'agit le plus souvent d’une poursuite civile en diffamation, intentée contre un individu ou un organisme ayant pris parti dans le cadre d’un enjeu public. Le concept inclut les menaces de poursuite.
Case citation
Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported. Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information. A legal citation is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position.
Contributory negligence
In some common law jurisdictions, contributory negligence is a defense to a tort claim based on negligence. If it is available, the defense completely bars plaintiffs from any recovery if they contribute to their own injury through their own negligence. Because the contributory negligence doctrine can lead to harsh results, many common law jurisdictions have abolished it in favor of a "comparative fault" or "comparative negligence" approach.
Choice of law
Choice of law is a procedural stage in the litigation of a case involving the conflict of laws when it is necessary to reconcile the differences between the laws of different legal jurisdictions, such as sovereign states, federated states (as in the US), or provinces. The outcome of this process is potentially to require the courts of one jurisdiction to apply the law of a different jurisdiction in lawsuits arising from, say, family law, tort, or contract. The law which is applied is sometimes referred to as the "proper law.
Joint and several liability
Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same liability, in most common law legal systems they may either be: jointly liable, or severally liable, or jointly and severally liable. If parties have joint liability, then they are each liable up to the full amount of the relevant obligation. So if a married couple takes a loan from a bank, the loan agreement will normally provide that they are to be "jointly liable" for the full amount. If one party dies, disappears, or is declared bankrupt, the other individual remains fully liable.
Trespass to land
Trespass to land is a common law tort or crime that is committed when an individual or the object of an individual intentionally (or, in Australia, negligently) enters the land of another without a lawful excuse. Trespass to land is actionable per se. Thus, the party whose land is entered upon may sue even if no actual harm is done. In some jurisdictions, this rule may also apply to entry upon public land having restricted access. A court may order payment of damages or an injunction to remedy the tort.
Absolute liability
Absolute liability is a standard of legal liability found in tort and criminal law of various legal jurisdictions. To be convicted of an ordinary crime, in certain jurisdictions, a person must not only have committed a criminal action but also have had a deliberate intention or guilty mind (mens rea). In a crime of strict or absolute liability, a person could be guilty even if there was no intention to commit a crime. The difference between strict and absolute liability is whether the defence of a “mistake of fact” is available: in a crime of absolute liability, a mistake of fact is not a defence.