Differential geometry of curves is the branch of geometry that deals with smooth curves in the plane and the Euclidean space by methods of differential and integral calculus.
Many specific curves have been thoroughly investigated using the synthetic approach. Differential geometry takes another path: curves are represented in a parametrized form, and their geometric properties and various quantities associated with them, such as the curvature and the arc length, are expressed via derivatives and integrals using vector calculus. One of the most important tools used to analyze a curve is the Frenet frame, a moving frame that provides a coordinate system at each point of the curve that is "best adapted" to the curve near that point.
The theory of curves is much simpler and narrower in scope than the theory of surfaces and its higher-dimensional generalizations because a regular curve in a Euclidean space has no intrinsic geometry. Any regular curve may be parametrized by the arc length (the natural parametrization). From the point of view of a theoretical point particle on the curve that does not know anything about the ambient space, all curves would appear the same. Different space curves are only distinguished by how they bend and twist. Quantitatively, this is measured by the differential-geometric invariants called the curvature and the torsion of a curve. The fundamental theorem of curves asserts that the knowledge of these invariants completely determines the curve.
Curve
A parametric Cr-curve or a Cr-parametrization is a vector-valued function
that is r-times continuously differentiable (that is, the component functions of γ are continuously differentiable), where , , and I is a non-empty interval of real numbers. The of the parametric curve is . The parametric curve γ and its image γ[I] must be distinguished because a given subset of can be the image of many distinct parametric curves. The parameter t in γ(t) can be thought of as representing time, and γ the trajectory of a moving point in space.
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Differential geometry of curves is the branch of geometry that deals with smooth curves in the plane and the Euclidean space by methods of differential and integral calculus. Many specific curves have been thoroughly investigated using the synthetic approach. Differential geometry takes another path: curves are represented in a parametrized form, and their geometric properties and various quantities associated with them, such as the curvature and the arc length, are expressed via derivatives and integrals using vector calculus.
En mathématiques, les variétés différentielles ou variétés différentiables sont les objets de base de la topologie différentielle et de la géométrie différentielle. Il s'agit de variétés, « espaces courbes » localement modelés sur l'espace euclidien de dimension n, sur lesquelles il est possible de généraliser une bonne part des opérations du calcul différentiel et intégral. Une variété différentielle se définit donc d'abord par la donnée d'une variété topologique, espace topologique localement homéomorphe à l'espace R.
En géométrie différentielle, la torsion d'une courbe tracée dans l'espace mesure la manière dont la courbe se tord pour sortir de son plan osculateur (plan contenant le cercle osculateur). Ainsi, par exemple, une courbe plane a une torsion nulle et une hélice circulaire est de torsion constante. Prises ensemble, la courbure et la torsion d'une courbe de l'espace en définissent la forme comme le fait la courbure pour une courbe plane. La torsion apparait comme coefficient dans les équations différentielles du repère de Frenet.
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