Introduction aux mathématiques de la relativité généraleLes mathématiques de la relativité générale sont complexes. Dans la théorie du mouvement de Newton, la longueur d'un objet et la vitesse à laquelle le temps s'écoule restent constantes même lorsque l'objet accélère. Cela signifie que de nombreux problèmes de mécanique newtonienne peuvent être résolus uniquement en utilisant l'algèbre. Mais en relativité, la longueur d'un objet et la vitesse à laquelle le temps s'écoule changent sensiblement à mesure que la vitesse de l'objet se rapproche de la vitesse de la lumière.
HolonomieEn mathématiques, et plus précisément en géométrie différentielle, l'holonomie d'une connexion sur une variété différentielle est une mesure de la façon dont le transport parallèle le long de boucles fermées modifie les informations géométriques transportées. Cette modification est une conséquence de la courbure de la connexion (ou plus généralement de sa "forme"). Pour des connexions plates, l'holonomie associée est un type de monodromie, et c'est dans ce cas une notion uniquement globale.
Moving frameIn mathematics, a moving frame is a flexible generalization of the notion of an ordered basis of a vector space often used to study the extrinsic differential geometry of smooth manifolds embedded in a homogeneous space. In lay terms, a frame of reference is a system of measuring rods used by an observer to measure the surrounding space by providing coordinates. A moving frame is then a frame of reference which moves with the observer along a trajectory (a curve).
Contorsion tensorThe contorsion tensor in differential geometry is the difference between a connection with and without torsion in it. It commonly appears in the study of spin connections. Thus, for example, a vielbein together with a spin connection, when subject to the condition of vanishing torsion, gives a description of Einstein gravity. For supersymmetry, the same constraint, of vanishing torsion, gives (the field equations of) 11-dimensional supergravity.
Geodesics in general relativityIn general relativity, a geodesic generalizes the notion of a "straight line" to curved spacetime. Importantly, the world line of a particle free from all external, non-gravitational forces is a particular type of geodesic. In other words, a freely moving or falling particle always moves along a geodesic. In general relativity, gravity can be regarded as not a force but a consequence of a curved spacetime geometry where the source of curvature is the stress–energy tensor (representing matter, for instance).
Projective connectionIn differential geometry, a projective connection is a type of Cartan connection on a differentiable manifold. The structure of a projective connection is modeled on the geometry of projective space, rather than the affine space corresponding to an affine connection. Much like affine connections, projective connections also define geodesics. However, these geodesics are not affinely parametrized. Rather they are projectively parametrized, meaning that their preferred class of parameterizations is acted upon by the group of fractional linear transformations.
Differential (mathematics)In mathematics, differential refers to several related notions derived from the early days of calculus, put on a rigorous footing, such as infinitesimal differences and the derivatives of functions. The term is used in various branches of mathematics such as calculus, differential geometry, algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. The term differential is used nonrigorously in calculus to refer to an infinitesimal ("infinitely small") change in some varying quantity.
Lie bracket of vector fieldsIn the mathematical field of differential topology, the Lie bracket of vector fields, also known as the Jacobi–Lie bracket or the commutator of vector fields, is an operator that assigns to any two vector fields X and Y on a smooth manifold M a third vector field denoted [X, Y]. Conceptually, the Lie bracket [X, Y] is the derivative of Y along the flow generated by X, and is sometimes denoted ("Lie derivative of Y along X"). This generalizes to the Lie derivative of any tensor field along the flow generated by X.
Gauge covariant derivativeIn physics, the gauge covariant derivative is a means of expressing how fields vary from place to place, in a way that respects how the coordinate systems used to describe a physical phenomenon can themselves change from place to place. The gauge covariant derivative is used in many areas of physics, including quantum field theory and fluid dynamics and in a very special way general relativity. If a physical theory is independent of the choice of local frames, the group of local frame changes, the gauge transformations, act on the fields in the theory while leaving unchanged the physical content of the theory.
Tullio Levi-CivitaTullio Levi-Civita ( à Padoue, Italie – à Rome) est un mathématicien italien. Il est connu principalement pour son travail sur le calcul tensoriel et ses applications en théorie de la relativité. Il fut l'assistant de Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, avec qui il inventa le calcul tensoriel. Ses travaux incluent aussi des articles fondamentaux en mécanique céleste (notamment sur le problème des trois corps) et l'hydrodynamique. Né à Padoue, Levi-Civita était le fils de Giacomo Levi-Civita, un avocat qui fut sénateur.
