Multimodal logicA multimodal logic is a modal logic that has more than one primitive modal operator. They find substantial applications in theoretical computer science. A modal logic with n primitive unary modal operators is called an n-modal logic. Given these operators and negation, one can always add modal operators defined as if and only if . Perhaps the first substantive example of a two-modal logic is Arthur Prior's tense logic, with two modalities, F and P, corresponding to "sometime in the future" and "sometime in the past".
Logique doxastiqueDoxastic logic is a type of logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs. The term derives from the Ancient Greek (doxa, "opinion, belief"), from which the English term doxa ("popular opinion or belief") is also borrowed. Typically, a doxastic logic uses the notation to mean "It is believed that is the case", and the set denotes a set of beliefs. In doxastic logic, belief is treated as a modal operator. There is complete parallelism between a person who believes propositions and a formal system that derives propositions.
Logique déontiquevignette|"Justicia", Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337), Capilla Scrovegni, Padoue, Italie. La logique déontique (du grec déon, déontos : devoir, ce qu'il faut, ce qui convient) tente de formaliser les rapports qui existent entre les quatre caractéristiques d'une loi : l'obligation, l'interdiction, la permission et le facultatif. Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz en 1670 proposa le premier d'appliquer la logique modale à la morale en remarquant l'analogie suivante : .
Classical modal logicIn modal logic, a classical modal logic L is any modal logic containing (as axiom or theorem) the duality of the modal operators that is also closed under the rule Alternatively, one can give a dual definition of L by which L is classical if and only if it contains (as axiom or theorem) and is closed under the rule The weakest classical system is sometimes referred to as E and is non-normal. Both algebraic and neighborhood semantics characterize familiar classical modal systems that are weaker than the weakest normal modal logic K.
Subjunctive possibilitySubjunctive possibility (also called alethic possibility) is a form of modality studied in modal logic. Subjunctive possibilities are the sorts of possibilities considered when conceiving counterfactual situations; subjunctive modalities are modalities that bear on whether a statement might have been or could be true—such as might, could, must, possibly, necessarily, contingently, essentially, accidentally, and so on. Subjunctive possibilities include logical possibility, metaphysical possibility, nomological possibility, and temporal possibility.
Fuzzy set operationsFuzzy set operations are a generalization of crisp set operations for fuzzy sets. There is in fact more than one possible generalization. The most widely used operations are called standard fuzzy set operations; they comprise: fuzzy complements, fuzzy intersections, and fuzzy unions. Let A and B be fuzzy sets that A,B ⊆ U, u is any element (e.g. value) in the U universe: u ∈ U. Standard complement The complement is sometimes denoted by ∁A or A∁ instead of ¬A.
Relevance logicRelevance logic, also called relevant logic, is a kind of non-classical logic requiring the antecedent and consequent of implications to be relevantly related. They may be viewed as a family of substructural or modal logics. It is generally, but not universally, called relevant logic by British and, especially, Australian logicians, and relevance logic by American logicians. Relevance logic aims to capture aspects of implication that are ignored by the "material implication" operator in classical truth-functional logic, namely the notion of relevance between antecedent and conditional of a true implication.
PrésuppositionEn linguistique la présupposition (ou présupposé) est un type d'inférence pragmatique, c'est-à-dire une information qu'on peut tirer d'un énoncé. Une personne présuppose une information lorsqu'elle tient une information pour acquise. Par exemple, dans la phrase "Mon amie a arrêté de fumer", on présuppose que l'amie a fumé par le passé; cette information est tenue pour acquise et n'a pas besoin d'être explicitée.
Type-2 fuzzy sets and systemsType-2 fuzzy sets and systems generalize standard Type-1 fuzzy sets and systems so that more uncertainty can be handled. From the beginning of fuzzy sets, criticism was made about the fact that the membership function of a type-1 fuzzy set has no uncertainty associated with it, something that seems to contradict the word fuzzy, since that word has the connotation of much uncertainty. So, what does one do when there is uncertainty about the value of the membership function? The answer to this question was provided in 1975 by the inventor of fuzzy sets, Lotfi A.
Logique temporelleLa logique temporelle est une branche de la logique mathématique et plus précisément de la logique modale, qui est formalisée de plusieurs manières. La caractéristique commune de ces formalisations réside en l'ajout de modalités (autrement dit de « transformateurs de prédicats ») liées au temps ; par exemple, une formule typique de la logique modale est la formule , qui se lit : « la formule est satisfaite jusqu'à ce que la formule le soit » et qui signifie que l'on cherche à garantir qu'une certaine propriété (ici ) est satisfaite pendant tout le temps qui court avant qu'une autre formule (ici ) le soit.
