Euclidean relationIn mathematics, Euclidean relations are a class of binary relations that formalize "Axiom 1" in Euclid's Elements: "Magnitudes which are equal to the same are equal to each other." A binary relation R on a set X is Euclidean (sometimes called right Euclidean) if it satisfies the following: for every a, b, c in X, if a is related to b and c, then b is related to c.
Relation transitiveEn mathématiques, une relation transitive est une relation binaire pour laquelle une suite d'objets reliés consécutivement aboutit à une relation entre le premier et le dernier. Formellement, la propriété de transitivité s'écrit, pour une relation définie sur un ensemble : Une relation binaire non transitive est donc une relation pour laquelle la propriété universelle ci-dessus est fausse, c'est-à-dire qu'il existe un élément en relation avec un deuxième qui lui-même est en relation avec un troisième, sans que le premier soit en relation avec le troisième : C'est le cas de l'orthogonalité de droites, par exemple.
Partition d'un ensemblevignette|Les 52 partitions d'un ensemble à 5 éléments. Les points noirs représentent les éléments de l'ensemble. Une région colorée correspond à un bloc de la partition qui regroupe plusieurs points noirs. Un point noir isolé signifie que cet élément appartient à un bloc qui est un singleton. En mathématiques, une partition d'un ensemble X est un ensemble de parties non vides de X deux à deux disjointes et dont l'union est X. Soit un ensemble X.
Partial equivalence relationIn mathematics, a partial equivalence relation (often abbreviated as PER, in older literature also called restricted equivalence relation) is a homogeneous binary relation that is symmetric and transitive. If the relation is also reflexive, then the relation is an equivalence relation. Formally, a relation on a set is a PER if it holds for all that: if , then (symmetry) if and , then (transitivity) Another more intuitive definition is that on a set is a PER if there is some subset of such that and is an equivalence relation on .
Relation inverseIn mathematics, the converse relation, or transpose, of a binary relation is the relation that occurs when the order of the elements is switched in the relation. For example, the converse of the relation 'child of' is the relation 'parent of'. In formal terms, if and are sets and is a relation from to then is the relation defined so that if and only if In set-builder notation, The notation is analogous with that for an inverse function. Although many functions do not have an inverse, every relation does have a unique converse.
Glossary of order theoryThis is a glossary of some terms used in various branches of mathematics that are related to the fields of order, lattice, and domain theory. Note that there is a structured list of order topics available as well. Other helpful resources might be the following overview articles: completeness properties of partial orders distributivity laws of order theory preservation properties of functions between posets. In the following, partial orders will usually just be denoted by their carrier sets.
Connected relationIn mathematics, a relation on a set is called connected or complete or total if it relates (or "compares") all pairs of elements of the set in one direction or the other while it is called strongly connected if it relates pairs of elements. As described in the terminology section below, the terminology for these properties is not uniform. This notion of "total" should not be confused with that of a total relation in the sense that for all there is a so that (see serial relation).
Composition of relationsIn the mathematics of binary relations, the composition of relations is the forming of a new binary relation R; S from two given binary relations R and S. In the calculus of relations, the composition of relations is called relative multiplication, and its result is called a relative product. Function composition is the special case of composition of relations where all relations involved are functions. The word uncle indicates a compound relation: for a person to be an uncle, he must be the brother of a parent.
Weak orderingIn mathematics, especially order theory, a weak ordering is a mathematical formalization of the intuitive notion of a ranking of a set, some of whose members may be tied with each other. Weak orders are a generalization of totally ordered sets (rankings without ties) and are in turn generalized by (strictly) partially ordered sets and preorders.
Ordre denseLa notion dordre dense est une notion de mathématiques, en lien avec la notion de relation d'ordre. Un ensemble ordonné (E, ≤) est dit dense en lui-même, ou plus simplement dense, si, pour tout couple (x, y) d'éléments de E tels que x < y il existe un élément z de E tel que x < z < y. Par exemple, tout corps totalement ordonné est dense en lui-même alors que l'anneau Z des entiers relatifs ne l'est pas.
