Non-logical symbolIn logic, the formal languages used to create expressions consist of symbols, which can be broadly divided into constants and variables. The constants of a language can further be divided into logical symbols and non-logical symbols (sometimes also called logical and non-logical constants). The non-logical symbols of a language of first-order logic consist of predicates and individual constants. These include symbols that, in an interpretation, may stand for individual constants, variables, functions, or predicates.
Wilhelm AckermannWilhelm Ackermann (1896-1962) est un mathématicien allemand, célèbre pour la fonction d'Ackermann (1925) qui est un exemple important de la théorie de la calculabilité. Sa thèse (1924) donne une preuve détaillée de la cohérence de l'. Il fut professeur dans le secondaire, à Burgsteinfurt de 1929 à 1948, puis à Lüdenscheid jusqu'à sa retraite en 1961. Il fut membre correspondant de l'Académie des sciences de Göttingen et professeur honoraire de l'université de Münster.
DiophantienL'adjectif diophantien () (du nom de Diophante d'Alexandrie) s'applique à tout ce qui concerne les équations polynomiales à coefficients entiers, également appelées équations diophantiennes. Les notions qui suivent ont été développées pour venir à bout du dixième problème de Hilbert. Il s'agit de savoir s'il existe un algorithme général permettant de dire si, oui ou non, il existe une solution à une équation diophantienne. Le théorème de Matiyasevich prouve l'impossibilité de l'existence d'un tel algorithme.
Categorical theoryIn mathematical logic, a theory is categorical if it has exactly one model (up to isomorphism). Such a theory can be viewed as defining its model, uniquely characterizing the model's structure. In first-order logic, only theories with a finite model can be categorical. Higher-order logic contains categorical theories with an infinite model. For example, the second-order Peano axioms are categorical, having a unique model whose domain is the set of natural numbers In model theory, the notion of a categorical theory is refined with respect to cardinality.
Hilbert's second problemIn mathematics, Hilbert's second problem was posed by David Hilbert in 1900 as one of his 23 problems. It asks for a proof that the arithmetic is consistent – free of any internal contradictions. Hilbert stated that the axioms he considered for arithmetic were the ones given in , which include a second order completeness axiom. In the 1930s, Kurt Gödel and Gerhard Gentzen proved results that cast new light on the problem. Some feel that Gödel's theorems give a negative solution to the problem, while others consider Gentzen's proof as a partial positive solution.
Ordinal analysisIn proof theory, ordinal analysis assigns ordinals (often large countable ordinals) to mathematical theories as a measure of their strength. If theories have the same proof-theoretic ordinal they are often equiconsistent, and if one theory has a larger proof-theoretic ordinal than another it can often prove the consistency of the second theory. The field of ordinal analysis was formed when Gerhard Gentzen in 1934 used cut elimination to prove, in modern terms, that the proof-theoretic ordinal of Peano arithmetic is ε0.
Type d'ordreEn mathématiques, en particulier dans la théorie des ensembles, deux ensembles ordonnés X et Y sont dits avoir le même type d'ordre s'ils sont isomorphes pour l'ordre, c'est-à-dire, s'il existe une bijection f: X → Y telle que f et son inverse soient strictement croissantes (c'est-à-dire préservent l'ordre). Dans le cas particulier où X est totalement ordonnée, la monotonie de f implique la monotonie de son inverse. Par exemple, l'ensemble des entiers et l'ensemble des nombres entiers pairs ont le même type d'ordre, parce que la correspondance et sa réciproque préservent toutes deux l'ordre.
Théorème de TennenbaumTennenbaum's theorem, named for Stanley Tennenbaum who presented the theorem in 1959, is a result in mathematical logic that states that no countable nonstandard model of first-order Peano arithmetic (PA) can be recursive (Kaye 1991:153ff). A structure in the language of PA is recursive if there are recursive functions and from to , a recursive two-place relation
Arithmetices principia, nova methodo expositaThe 1889 treatise Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita (The principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method) by Giuseppe Peano is widely considered to be a seminal document in mathematical logic and set theory, introducing what is now the standard axiomatization of the natural numbers, and known as the Peano axioms, as well as some pervasive notations, such as the symbols for the basic set operations ∈, ⊂, ∩, ∪, and A−B.
Ordered ringIn abstract algebra, an ordered ring is a (usually commutative) ring R with a total order ≤ such that for all a, b, and c in R: if a ≤ b then a + c ≤ b + c. if 0 ≤ a and 0 ≤ b then 0 ≤ ab. Ordered rings are familiar from arithmetic. Examples include the integers, the rationals and the real numbers. (The rationals and reals in fact form ordered fields.) The complex numbers, in contrast, do not form an ordered ring or field, because there is no inherent order relationship between the elements 1 and i.
