In probability theory and statistics, the Gumbel distribution (also known as the type-I generalized extreme value distribution) is used to model the distribution of the maximum (or the minimum) of a number of samples of various distributions.
This distribution might be used to represent the distribution of the maximum level of a river in a particular year if there was a list of maximum values for the past ten years. It is useful in predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake, flood or other natural disaster will occur. The potential applicability of the Gumbel distribution to represent the distribution of maxima relates to extreme value theory, which indicates that it is likely to be useful if the distribution of the underlying sample data is of the normal or exponential type. This article uses the Gumbel distribution to model the distribution of the maximum value. To model the minimum value, use the negative of the original values.
The Gumbel distribution is a particular case of the generalized extreme value distribution (also known as the Fisher–Tippett distribution). It is also known as the log-Weibull distribution and the double exponential distribution (a term that is alternatively sometimes used to refer to the Laplace distribution). It is related to the Gompertz distribution: when its density is first reflected about the origin and then restricted to the positive half line, a Gompertz function is obtained.
In the latent variable formulation of the multinomial logit model — common in discrete choice theory — the errors of the latent variables follow a Gumbel distribution. This is useful because the difference of two Gumbel-distributed random variables has a logistic distribution.
The Gumbel distribution is named after Emil Julius Gumbel (1891–1966), based on his original papers describing the distribution.
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En théorie des probabilités, la loi de Gumbel (ou distribution de Gumbel), du nom d'Émil Julius Gumbel, est une loi de probabilité continue. La loi de Gumbel est un cas particulier de la loi d'extremum généralisée au même titre que la loi de Weibull ou la loi de Fréchet. La loi de Gumbel est une approximation satisfaisante de la loi du maximum d'un échantillon de variables aléatoires indépendantes toutes de même loi, dès que cette loi appartient, précisément, au domaine d'attraction de la loi de Gumbel.
Cumulative frequency analysis is the analysis of the frequency of occurrence of values of a phenomenon less than a reference value. The phenomenon may be time- or space-dependent. Cumulative frequency is also called frequency of non-exceedance. Cumulative frequency analysis is performed to obtain insight into how often a certain phenomenon (feature) is below a certain value. This may help in describing or explaining a situation in which the phenomenon is involved, or in planning interventions, for example in flood protection.
En probabilité et statistique, la loi d'extrémum généralisée est une famille de lois de probabilité continues qui servent à représenter des phénomènes de valeurs extrêmes (minimum ou maximum). Elle comprend la loi de Gumbel, la loi de Fréchet et la loi de Weibull, respectivement lois d'extrémum de type I, II et III. Le théorème de Fisher-Tippett-Gnedenko établit que la loi d'extremum généralisée est la distribution limite du maximum (adéquatement normalisé) d'une série de variables aléatoires indépendantes de même distribution (iid).
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