Concept
Diagramme de Hasse
Concepts associés (16)
Covering relation
In mathematics, especially order theory, the covering relation of a partially ordered set is the binary relation which holds between comparable elements that are immediate neighbours. The covering relation is commonly used to graphically express the partial order by means of the Hasse diagram. Let be a set with a partial order . As usual, let be the relation on such that if and only if and . Let and be elements of . Then covers , written , if and there is no element such that .
Order theory
Order theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that". This article introduces the field and provides basic definitions. A list of order-theoretic terms can be found in the order theory glossary. Orders are everywhere in mathematics and related fields like computer science. The first order often discussed in primary school is the standard order on the natural numbers e.
Product order
In mathematics, given a partial order and on a set and , respectively, the product order (also called the coordinatewise order or componentwise order) is a partial ordering on the Cartesian product Given two pairs and in declare that if and Another possible ordering on is the lexicographical order, which is a total ordering. However the product order of two total orders is not in general total; for example, the pairs and are incomparable in the product order of the ordering with itself.
Transitive reduction
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a transitive reduction of a directed graph D is another directed graph with the same vertices and as few edges as possible, such that for all pairs of vertices v, w a (directed) path from v to w in D exists if and only if such a path exists in the reduction. Transitive reductions were introduced by , who provided tight bounds on the computational complexity of constructing them. More technically, the reduction is a directed graph that has the same reachability relation as D.
Treillis (ensemble ordonné)
En mathématiques, un treillis () est une des structures algébriques utilisées en algèbre générale. C'est un ensemble partiellement ordonné dans lequel chaque paire d'éléments admet une borne supérieure et une borne inférieure. Un treillis peut être vu comme le treillis de Galois d'une relation binaire. Il existe en réalité deux définitions équivalentes du treillis, une concernant la relation d'ordre citée précédemment, l'autre algébrique. Tout ensemble muni d'une relation d'ordre total est un treillis.
Diviseur
Le mot “diviseur” a deux significations en mathématiques. Une division est effectuée à partir d’un “dividende” et d’un “diviseur”, et une fois l’opération terminée, le produit du “quotient” par le diviseur augmenté du “reste” est égal au dividende. En arithmétique, un “diviseur” d'un entier n est un entier dont n est un multiple. Plus formellement, si d et n sont deux entiers, d est un diviseur de n seulement s'il existe un entier k tel que . Ainsi est un diviseur de car .
Interval order
In mathematics, especially order theory, the interval order for a collection of intervals on the real line is the partial order corresponding to their left-to-right precedence relation—one interval, I1, being considered less than another, I2, if I1 is completely to the left of I2. More formally, a countable poset is an interval order if and only if there exists a bijection from to a set of real intervals, so , such that for any we have in exactly when .
Tracé de graphes
En théorie des graphes, le tracé de graphes consiste à représenter des graphes dans le plan. Le tracé de graphes est utile à des applications telles que la conception de circuits VLSI, l'analyse de réseaux sociaux, la cartographie, et la bio-informatique. Les graphes sont généralement représentés en utilisant des points, disques ou boites pour représenter les sommets, et des courbes ou des segments pour représenter les arêtes. Pour les graphes orientés, on utilise habituellement ses flèches en bout d'arête pour représenter l'orientation.
Ensemble partiellement ordonné
En mathématiques, un ensemble partiellement ordonné (parfois appelé poset d'après l'anglais partially ordered set) formalise et généralise la notion intuitive d'ordre ou d'arrangement entre les éléments d'un ensemble. Un ensemble partiellement ordonné est un ensemble muni d'une relation d'ordre qui indique que pour certains couples d'éléments, l'un est plus petit que l'autre. Tous les éléments ne sont pas forcément comparables, contrairement au cas d'un ensemble muni d'un ordre total.
Greatest element and least element
In mathematics, especially in order theory, the greatest element of a subset of a partially ordered set (poset) is an element of that is greater than every other element of . The term least element is defined dually, that is, it is an element of that is smaller than every other element of Let be a preordered set and let An element is said to be if and if it also satisfies: for all By switching the side of the relation that is on in the above definition, the definition of a least element of is obtained.