Identity componentIn mathematics, specifically group theory, the identity component of a group G refers to several closely related notions of the largest connected subgroup of G containing the identity element. In point set topology, the identity component of a topological group G is the connected component G0 of G that contains the identity element of the group. The identity path component of a topological group G is the path component of G that contains the identity element of the group.
Isometry groupIn mathematics, the isometry group of a metric space is the set of all bijective isometries (that is, bijective, distance-preserving maps) from the metric space onto itself, with the function composition as group operation. Its identity element is the identity function. The elements of the isometry group are sometimes called motions of the space. Every isometry group of a metric space is a subgroup of isometries. It represents in most cases a possible set of symmetries of objects/figures in the space, or functions defined on the space.
Bianchi groupIn mathematics, a Bianchi group is a group of the form where d is a positive square-free integer. Here, PSL denotes the projective special linear group and is the ring of integers of the imaginary quadratic field . The groups were first studied by as a natural class of discrete subgroups of , now termed Kleinian groups. As a subgroup of , a Bianchi group acts as orientation-preserving isometries of 3-dimensional hyperbolic space . The quotient space is a non-compact, hyperbolic 3-fold with finite volume, which is also called Bianchi orbifold.
Arithmetic groupIn mathematics, an arithmetic group is a group obtained as the integer points of an algebraic group, for example They arise naturally in the study of arithmetic properties of quadratic forms and other classical topics in number theory. They also give rise to very interesting examples of Riemannian manifolds and hence are objects of interest in differential geometry and topology. Finally, these two topics join in the theory of automorphic forms which is fundamental in modern number theory.
Théorie géométrique des groupesLa théorie géométrique des groupes est un domaine des mathématiques pour l'étude des groupes de type fini à travers les connexions entre les propriétés algébriques de ces groupes et les propriétés topologiques et géométriques des espaces sur lesquels ils opèrent. Les groupes sont vus comme des ensembles de symétries ou d'applications continues sur ces espaces. Une autre idée importante de la théorie géométrique des groupes est de considérer les groupes de type fini eux-mêmes comme des objets géométriques, généralement via le graphe de Cayley du groupe étudié.
Linear groupIn mathematics, a matrix group is a group G consisting of invertible matrices over a specified field K, with the operation of matrix multiplication. A linear group is a group that is isomorphic to a matrix group (that is, admitting a faithful, finite-dimensional representation over K). Any finite group is linear, because it can be realized by permutation matrices using Cayley's theorem. Among infinite groups, linear groups form an interesting and tractable class.
Groupe de friseUn groupe de frise, en mathématiques, est un sous-groupe du groupe des isométries affines du plan euclidien tel que l'ensemble des translations qu'il contient forme lui-même un groupe isomorphe au groupe Z des entiers relatifs. Une frise est alors une partie du plan telle que l'ensemble des isométries qui la laissent globalement invariante est un groupe de frise. Usuellement, une frise est représentée par un motif se répétant périodiquement dans une direction donnée. Ce concept modélise les frises utilisées en architecture ou en décoration.
Non-abelian groupIn mathematics, and specifically in group theory, a non-abelian group, sometimes called a non-commutative group, is a group (G, ∗) in which there exists at least one pair of elements a and b of G, such that a ∗ b ≠ b ∗ a. This class of groups contrasts with the abelian groups. (In an abelian group, all pairs of group elements commute). Non-abelian groups are pervasive in mathematics and physics. One of the simplest examples of a non-abelian group is the dihedral group of order 6. It is the smallest finite non-abelian group.
Mesure de HaarEn mathématiques, une mesure de Haar sur un groupe localement compact est une mesure de Borel quasi-régulière non nulle invariante par translation à gauche. Autrement dit, pour toute partie borélienne B de G, et pour tout g dans G, on a : L'existence d'une mesure de Haar est assurée dans tout groupe localement compact. Elle est finie sur les parties compactes de G. De plus, toute mesure borélienne complexe invariante par translations à gauche s'écrit où est un nombre complexe.
Upper half-planeIn mathematics, the upper half-plane, is the set of points in the Cartesian plane with The lower half-plane is defined similarly, by requiring that be negative instead. Each is an example of two-dimensional half-space. The affine transformations of the upper half-plane include shifts , , and dilations , . Proposition: Let and be semicircles in the upper half-plane with centers on the boundary. Then there is an affine mapping that takes to . Proof: First shift the center of to . Then take and dilate.
